The Rise Of Women In France Essay -- essays research papers

The Rise of Women in French Society     During the Middle Ages, French society, along with the rest of Europe, revolved almost the warrior class. In order to gain land and power nobles gave their services in the military and lived violent lifestyles. Treatment toward women during this period was harsh. "In a society of get nobility dispersed fairly loosely across the country in their castles and estates, the likelihood of a preponderance of the man over the woman and thus of a more or less unconcealed male dominance, is very great." (Elias, Page 325.) Men beat their wives and typically had little respect for them. Marriage was based non on love but on increase in influence and wealth. "But often enough we hear of the other side, of a warrior, whether a force or a simple seigneur, beating his wife. It seems almost an established habit for the knight, flying into a rage, to punch his wife of the nose till blood flows." (Page 324.) However, from t he ordinal to the eighteenth centuries dramatic political changes emerged throughout Europe and a high flirt system developed in France. Power shifted to revolve around the crowned head who created palace life. "By and large it can be said that a more peaceable social life formed about the lady of the court" (Page 325.)     When feudalism ended, so did the glory of battle. France was in a relatively peaceful state. Thus, in order to gain favo...

Solitude, Solidarity, and Sexuality in One Hundred Years of Solitude :: One Hundred Years Solitude Essays

Solitude, Solidarity, and elicituality in One Hundred Years of Solitude     Soledad in Spanish office more than our word solitude, although it means that too. It suggests loneliness, the sense of being apart from others. Although ultimately each human being is alone, because there are parts of our experience we cannot share, some(prenominal) people are more solitary than others. The really solitary figures in this novel are those who deliberately cut themselves off from other humans. They are contrasted with characters who invade their solitude, by making strenuous efforts to reach out to others.   The founder of Macondo, Jose Arcadio Buendia, is the first great solitary. He becomes so obsessed with his own search for truth that he neglects his family and ultimately loses all touch with outer reality. His wife, Ursula, is perhaps the greatest of the antisolitary figures, the person who more than anyone else holds the family and the house together. She takes in a foster child and later insists on rearing the bastard children of her sons and grandsons. Her whole life is devoted to strengthening social bonds.   Pilar Ternera, the fortuneteller, is also an antisolitary. Her role is to comfort the Buendia men and, in her younger years, to go to bed with them and bear their children. At the end of the book and of her own very long life (she has stopped counting birthdays after one-hundred forty-five), she is the madame of a wonderful zoological brothel, which in this context stands for a generous, bountiful sexuality.   There is a lot of sex in the novel, most of it celebrating the size and potency of the Buendia mens phalluses or the lubricity of the women. Sex can be used to combat solitude, because of its power to connect one person to another. Even the two rapes in the novel result in compressed bonding Jose Arcadio Buendia rapes his bride Ursula to begin the family line (second chapter), and the last Aureliano rapes Amaranta Ursula (who is not, however, very resistant), who will bring forth the last of the line.

La Malinche Essay -- essays research papers

"La Malinche." Slave, interpreter, secretary, mistress, mother of the first "Mexican." her very name still stirs up controversy. Many Mexicans continue to ill-use the woman called Doa Marina by the Spaniards and La Malinche by the Aztecs, labeling her a traitor and harlot for her role as the alter-ego of Cortes as he conquered Mexico.They ignore that she relieve thousands of Indian lives by enabling Cortes to negotiate rather than slaughter. Her ability to communicate also enabled the Spaniards to introduce Christianity and attempt to end human sacrifice and cannibalism. Herself a convert, baptized Marina, she was an eloquent advocate for her new faith. As for the charges against her, they are in my opinion baseless. So let us visit this remarkable woman and examine the facts. all(prenominal) historians agree that she was the young woman of a noble Aztec family. Upon the death of her father, a chief, her mother remarried and gave birth to a son. Deciding that he r ather than Marina, should rule, she turned her young daughter over to some passing traders and thereafter pro- claimed her dead. Eventually, the girl wound up as a slave of the Cacique (the military chief) of Tabasco. By the time Cortes arrived, she had well-read the Mayan dialects used in the Yucatan while still understanding Nahuatl, the language of the Aztecs and most Non-Mayan Indians."La Malinche" did not choose to join Cortes. She was despatchered to him as a slave by the Cacique of Tabasco, along with 19 other young women. She had no voice in the matter. Up till then, Cortes had relied on a Spanish priest, Jeronimo de Aguilar, as his interpreter. Shipwrecked off Cozumel, Aguilar spoke the Mayan language as well as Spanish. But when the expedition left the Mayan-speaking area, Cortes discovered that he could not communicate with the Indians. That night he was advised that one of the women given to him in Tabasco spoke "Mexican."Doa Marina now enters Mexican h istory. It was she who served as the interpreter at the first meetings between Cortes and the representatives of Moctezuma. At that time Marina spoke no Spanish. She translated what the Aztecs said into the Mayan dialect understood by de Aguilar and he relayed it to Cortes in Spanish. The process was then reversed, Spanish to Mayan and Mayan to Nahuatl.Bernal Diaz, author of "The Conquest of modern Spain" authe... ...e was full of corpses. The dry land and stockades were piled high with the dead. We also found Mexicans lying in their own excrement, too sick to move."After the Conquest, Cortes, with a wife in Spain, arranged to have Marina married to a Castilian knight, Don Juan Xamarillo.Soon thereafter she disappeared from history. But she had borne Cortes a son, Don Mahin Cortes. While many other Indian women were impregnated by Spaniards, we have no record of their fate. Hence, if modern-day Mexicans are a blend of Spanish and Indian blood, Doa Marinas son was the f irst "Mexican" whose race we can follow. He rose to high government position and was a "Comendador" of the Order of St. Jago. In 1548, accused of conspiring against the Viceroy, he was tortured and executed.In more upstart times, the term "Malinchista" has been used by some to describe those who dislike Mexicans. But Doa Marina deserves better. A fearless, loyal and determined woman, she was a heroine who helped save Mexico from its brutal, blood-thirsty rulers--and in doing so she played a major role in fashioning what is today one of the most dynamic societies in all of Latin America.

Comparing the Minority Experience in Baby of the Family, and House on M

Women Minority Experience in Baby of the Family, and House on Mango Street The two novels Baby of the Family, and House on Mango Street expose the minority experience through the perspective of a child, struggling to find an identity operator in their own unique views of the cultures they argon growing up in. The life of Lenas family, one of an upper class African American family in the southern part of the United States, appeals to the ideal of the New American as her family blends the dominant culture with their minority background in their everyday life experiences. Esperanza is a Hispanic youth, growing up in a barrio, where thither is not much to offer the Hispanic locals. She ultimately feels the profile the of the New American in her view of attaining a better life, and escaping the suffocating prescence of the barrio, while appease remembering her ethnic roots. Both these oddballs apply to the classification of the Double Minority in the obvious aspect of being females, and of course their relationship of being in a minority culture. In Baby of the Family, author Tina Ansa exposes the reader to the perspective of a child living in a dominant culture orientated household, that is trying to latch on to some very important traditional aspects of their minority background. Esperanza in House on Mango Street struggles to find her identity in a society discriminating against her not only as a minority, but her genders hinders her advancement also. The authors of these two minority novels corelate these ideals and explore the hardships these two character face as struggling to become the New American while being classified ultimately as Double Minorities. A few of the parking lot apects shared by the two novels include the common... ...alls these children experience. These two children take the ideal of the New American and expose it as they find ways to live in a world in which they walk a fine line between the two clashing cultures. The Double Minori ty role plays an important and exertion to overcome the barriers in their own cultures. The cultures ultimately take on a new definition as time progresses, because there is truly not a definite distinction anymore. Works Cited Ansa, Tina McElroy. Baby of the Family. Harcourt Press San Diego, 1989. Blicksilver, Edith. The Ethnic American Woman. Kenall/Hunt Publishing Iowa, 1978. Cecil, Andrew R. The Meaning of the Family in Society. University of Texas Dallas, 1991. Cisneros, Sandra. The House on Mango Street. vintage Contemporaries New York, 1991. Murray, Alma. Black Perspectives. Scholastic Books New York, 1971.

The Count Of Monte Cristo :: essays research papers

The Count of Monte Cristo &9The Count of Monte Cristo, written by Alexandre Dumas, tells the story of a man, Edmond Dantes, a straw hat who goes through and through being betrayed by his enemies and thrown in to a dark prison cell to planning revenge on his enemies. His behavior and personality changes later on spending 14 years in jail for a crime that he didnt commit. Edmond Dantes was thrown in jail ,after being framed by his enemies, accused of committing treason and being a bonapartist. The story takes place during the Napoleonic Era while the usurper, Napoleon has escaped to his place of exile, the Isle of Elba, located in the Mediterranean Sea. &9The story of Edmond Dantes starts out as him being a sailor, aboard the Pharaon hes soon to become captain of the ship. Monsieur Morrel is the name of the proprietor of the Pharaon and a great friend of Dantes. He treats Edmond with great respect. Theres also a little special lady in Dantes life, the beautiful and howling(pre nominal) Mercedes. A dream job and a dream wife, who could possibly want more? &9His dream soon becomes shattered by three of his enemies, Danglars, Fernand, and Caderousse. As these three people plot against Edmond, he is about to become married to the beautiful Mercedes. On his wedding day, his betrothal feast was interrupted when the police came barging through the door and arrested Edmond Dantes. Dantes was accused of giving a letter to the usurper while the Pharaon stopped on the Isle of Elba and returning a letter from the usurper to the Bonapartist companionship in Paris. After his arrest, Edmond was interrogated and questioned by the public prosecutor, Monsieur de Villefort. During the interrogation Villefort promised Edmond freedom, but that was before Monsieur de Villefort read the letter from the usurper addressed to Monsieur Noirtier, Villeforts father. Edmond Dantes was sent to prison.&9Edmond Dantes irons made a huge impact on his life. He spent 14 years in the dark and quiet Chateau dIf. During those 14 years he met a priest, Abbe Faria, which they met each other through a secret tunnel in which they both have created while in prison. An amazing break takes place in Edmond Dantes as he learns about his enemies and a large hidden treasure that contains a large sum of money. Abbe Faria is a very snotty-nosed man, while in prison he taught Dantes many useful knowledge including the whereabouts of a large treasure located on the Isle of Monte Cristo.

The Count Of Monte Cristo :: essays research papers

The Count of Monte Cristo &9The Count of Monte Cristo, written by Alexandre Dumas, tells the story of a man, Edmond Dantes, a sailor who goes through being betrayed by his enemies and thrown in to a gloomy prison cell to planning revenge on his enemies. His behavior and personality changes after spending 14 years in jail for a crime that he didnt commit. Edmond Dantes was thrown in jail ,after being framed by his enemies, accused of committing treason and being a bonapartist. The story takes place during the Napoleonic Era while the usurper, Napoleon has flee to his place of exile, the Isle of Elba, determined in the Mediterranean Sea. &9The story of Edmond Dantes starts out as him being a sailor, aboard the Pharaon hes briefly to become captain of the ship. Monsieur Morrel is the name of the owner of the Pharaon and a great friend of Dantes. He treats Edmond with great respect. Theres also a little fussy lady in Dantes life, the beautiful and wonderful Mercedes. A dream job and a dream wife, who could possibly want more? &9His dream soon becomes shattered by three of his enemies, Danglars, Fernand, and Caderousse. As these three people plot against Edmond, he is about to become married to the beautiful Mercedes. On his wedding day, his acceptance feast was interrupted when the police came barging through the door and arrested Edmond Dantes. Dantes was accused of giving a letter to the usurper while the Pharaon stopped on the Isle of Elba and go a letter from the usurper to the Bonapartist party in Paris. After his arrest, Edmond was interrogated and questioned by the public prosecutor, Monsieur de Villefort. During the interrogation Villefort promised Edmond freedom, but that was before Monsieur de Villefort read the letter from the usurper address to Monsieur Noirtier, Villeforts father. Edmond Dantes was sent to prison.&9Edmond Dantes imprisonment made a huge impact on his life. He spent 14 years in the dark and quiet Chateau dIf. During those 14 years he met a priest, Abbe Faria, which they met each other through a secret tunnel in which they both begin created while in prison. An amazing transformation takes place in Edmond Dantes as he learns about his enemies and a capacious hidden treasure that contains a large sum of money. Abbe Faria is a very smart man, while in prison he taught Dantes many useful knowledge including the whereabouts of a large treasure located on the Isle of Monte Cristo.

Old Spice Essay

This essay covers persuasive techniques apply in the video commercial for previous(a) Spice deodorant, as well as the messages that lie in the heart of the very commercial. The essay will try to explain the techniques and effects of persuasion on targeted audience, trance at the same time referring to style and language. A great emphasis is put on humor, as it is the main technique of persuasion apply in the very commercial. The commercial that is the subject of this work is Old Spices The man your man could smell like 33 second broad video, which increased Old Spice sales as much as 106% at one pane.In order to explain and clear this phenomenon, attention should be don to persuasive techniques used by advertisers to subconsciously influence targeted audience, while analyzing main messages itself. First, let us take a look at the theory of the commercial itself. The product, Old Spice deodorant, is presented to the audience by a physically glossy, stereotypically masculin e African American, the fibber and the only character in the commercial, stereotyped to the point of exaggeration. Presented image leaves us with the idea of a parody.The main character is addressing the audience in second person, leading them through the commercial. One of the most interesting things more or less his narration is that, although the product itself is aimed at men, the commercial is not directly addressed to them. The narrator speaks to women, which is undoubtedly one of the factors of the popularity of this commercial, as it gives an unexpected twist to it, taking into amity the well-known fact that most commercials of this type feature a stereotypical macho model, who addresses that men should aspire to look and act like him.By flavour at some of the commercials of the type, especially at the older Old Spice commercials, a common persistent pattern can be noticed, which is now make fun of, the reason beingness the companys attempt to try and abandon their out dated image. The narrator is, as mentioned before, an exaggeratedly stereotypical masculine persona, as well confident and arrogant to the degree that makes his personality unrealistic and humorous. He is trying to sell the product by selling himself, stating that any ordinary man could make love at least close to what he was, just by using the same deodorant.The unintentional humor comes from his exaggerated personality and randomness of the commercials plot. First, we see the man in the bathroom, three seconds later he is on a boat, holding an oyster containing two tickets, which are soon replaced by diamonds and at the very end, he is on a horse. What makes this concept interesting and humorous is that he notes eye contact with the audience through every second of the commercial, while describing everything that he is doing and everything that is seen on the screen, thus stating the obvious.The advertisement is not saying anything about the actual product, and is instead focuse d on selling the commercial rather than the product, which in this case is understandable as Old Spice is an established and popular brand. Advertisers count on the sense of humor of both men and women, whilst using an attractive man to occupy womens attention. Targeted audience, as aforementioned, is the younger population of heterosexual men and women who share a particular sense of humour.By using jeer and a sort of parodying of the commercial, mixing it with sex appeal and personality, advertisers have created a persuasive and informative advertisement that is not aimed at a broader audience, as the above mentioned factors, do not appeal to older generations. Having a particular sense of humor is crucial to understanding this commercial, as it would otherwise face the risk of being labeled derogatory and sexist. Advertisers have applied the sex sells rule of advertising on this commercial, with the change of men being objectified rather than women, and mixed it with humor in o rder to create a desired effect.Before turning to analysis of other techniques, it is important to mention the use of language and sentences as well, which cannot really be seen as a persuasive technique but is a powerful tool in manipulating audience. Sentences in the commercial are brief and straight to the point. The narrator is confident and he knows what he is talking about- no stops in between the sentences, no improvisation and no commas, which, aside with random images, helps to create the desirable dynamic effect.Dynamic commercial embodies the dynamic lifestyle led by the targeted audience, which consists of young people who are always on the move and trying to keep up with the modern world. As for the style and tone of the author, it is important to mention that the narrator states his point of view up-front, the language is forceful and persuasive, making the narrator gravid arrogant and powerful, even superior to the audience he is talking to.He is even making fun of the audience, which is, however, not to be taken seriously, taking into discover that the parodying tone is present from the very beginning and it is clear that the intention is to make fun of the male and female stereotypes, rather than the audience. After analyzing the messages, style, tone, and use of humor, an emphasis should be put on persuasive techniques, in order to understand the effect this commercial has on the audience. The second persuasive technique that can be look at is repetition.Even by inattentive listening to the commercial it is clear that some of the words and sentences are repeated in order to reinforce the main point. At the very beginning, the narrator draws womens attention by inviting them to compare their man with him, by repeating repeatedly jeopardize at your man, now back to me. This technique is used to state the obvious, and is meant to be a certain wake up call to all the women whose boyfriends and husbands are not as attractive, wealthy, confide nt and manfully as the narrator is.Apart from humor and repetition, one of the persuasive techniques used in this commercial is beautiful people, an extremely common technique in ads that uses good looking models to attract attention of the viewers by implying that they will look like them if they use the product. In this instance, Isaiah Mustafa, an American actor, is used to draw the attention of female audience, by promising that their man would look like him if they used the product.Somewhat connected to the mentioned beautiful people technique, is snob appeal, another(prenominal) technique that uses beautiful, confident models to suggest that the use of the product makes the customer part of an elite group with a luxurious and glamorous lifestyle. Not only the narrator in this commercial is attractive and confident, but he is also well dressed, wealthy and powerful, owning a boat and having the power to turn an oyster into diamonds, and is once again implying that the use of the advertised product, Old Spice deodorant, made all the mentioned things possible.All of the mentioned techniques- humor, repetition, beautiful people and snob appeal, are just some of the well-known, common techniques used by advertisers in order to trick the targeted audience into buying the advertised product. Behind the effect and success of those techniques lays the complex human psychology and the role of the subconscious, which the advertisers understand very well.Most people never pay attention to the manipulation they are subdued to every day by consuming media, but the earthy truth is that the manipulation is ever present- in advertising, media and political speeches. The success of the Old Spice commercial lays behind the canny techniques of persuasion used by the advertisers, and although the parodying in this case is not accepted by everybody, and there are people who argue that the commercial is derogatory and shallow, advertisers undoubtedly got what they wanted- p opularity and publicity.

The Roles of Nigerian Association of Model Islamic Schools (Namis)

THE ROLES OF NIGERIAN ASSOCIATION OF MODEL ISLAMIC SCHOOLS (NAMIS) IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF tuitional activity IN OYO STATE A CASE muse OF NAMIS, EGBEDA local GOVERNMENT AREA CHAPTER. BY SHITTU, AFUSAT OMOBONIKE (MRS) (MATRICULATION NUMBER 04/060854) BEING A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE plane section OF ARTS & SOCIAL SCIENCES, EMMANUEL ALAYANDE COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, OYO. IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF NIGERIA CERTIFICATE IN EDUCATION (N. C. E) JANUARY, 2009. CERTIFICATIONThis is to certify that this test was carried out by Shittu, Afusat Omobonike (Matriculation make sense 04/060854) in the Directorate of Sandwich Programmes of Emmanuel Alayande College of Education, Oyo, Oyo State. ______________________ _____________________ Alhaji S. L. Akano Date Project Supervisor ___________________ ___________________ H. O. D Date DEDICATIONThis project is dedicated to Almighty Allah for sparing my deport consortforcet from the inception of this N. C. E pr ogramme till the end of it. ACKNOWLEDGMENT All praise and adoration is due to Almighty Allah (S. W. T), the Omnipotent, Omnipresent, Omniscience, and the Fountain of friendship for making it accomplishable for me to complete this NCE programme. He made it a supremacyful one despite alone odds. May his infinite tranquility and blessing be upon our noble vaticinator Muhammed (S. A. W), his households, his companions, and those who add up his footstep till the day of accountablity.My profound gratitude goes to my able and dynamic supervisor in person of Alhaji S. L. Akano who made necessary corrections, constructive citicism and useful intimation during the course of writing this project, may Allah assists him in all his endeavours (amen). I equally tender my sincere appreciation to some other lecturers in the dep inventionment for great project done in imparting familiarity on me while in the college, may Allah continue to guide them in all their undertakings. My sincere a ppreciation goes to my husband, Mr.Abdul Akeem Shittu for his encouragement and support morally, financially and his love during my course of study, may Almighty Allah be with him in all his undertakings and countinue to shower his blessing on him. I in wish manner deem the effort of the member of executive of NAMIS such as Mrs F. D. Ali, the Chairperson of Oyo State chapter Mrs S. B. Ogundiran (the proprietress of Al-Hayyu group of nurtures) and Mr. S. K. Animasahun for their moral support and precious contributions abandoned to me while writing this project, may Almighty Allah reward them in this world and hereafter Jazakum Lahu khaeranI would not for nail the contributions of Mr. Abdul Wasiu Ibitoye and Mr Uthman K. Afolayan to the success of this project report, may Almighty Allah be with them in all their undertakings and reward them abundantly. Finally, my unreserved appreciation goes to my course mates and friends for their contributions in one way or the other, people handle Tanimowo Baliqis, Ganiy Mariam, Adeyemo Oluwaseun, Ajani Marg art, Ojetola Nike. and others in Emmanuel Alayande College of Education (Urban Day Center) atomic number 18 all my nice colleagues in the college.ABSTRACT This study investigates the roles play by the Nigerian connection of Model Moslem Schools (NAMIS) in the festering of teaching in our immediate high society. The study is a case study of NAMIS, Egbeda topical anaesthetic disposal sports stadium chapter. The look work is subdivided into five chapters. It starts by focussing on education as a tool for nurture the train, activities and validation of NAMIS are excessively discussed. Review of germane(predicate) past literatures from almost take a leaked authorities was subsequently carried out.Responses from respondents were captured use questionnaire data analysis was carried out using descriptive technique, frequency counts and simple percentage. The study rounded up with summary, conclusion and recommendation for all concerned skakeholders. board OF CONTENT Title page Certification ii Dedication iii Acknowledgement iv Abstract vi CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. Background to the study 1 2. Statement of the problem 3 3. Purpose of the study 5 4. Significance of the study 6 5. Scope and limitation of the study 6 6. practicable definition of terms 7 CHAPTER TWO belles-lettres REVIEEW . 1 Meaning, goal and important of education 9 2. 2 The need for Moslem drills 10 2. 3 Roles of cloak-and-dagger works in education 12 2. 4 NAMIS Objectives and Activities 14 2. 4. 1 NAMIS Aims and Objectives 14 2. 4. 2 Educational contributions of NAMIS 15 2. 4. 3 Religious contributions of NAMIS 16 2. 4. 4 Socio-ethnical contributions of NAMIS 18 CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3. 1 Population 20 3. 2 Sampling procedure and sampling technique 20 3. 3 look into instrument 21 3. 4 Validity and reliability of instrument 21 3. 5 Administration of instument 22 3. Method of data analysis . 22 CHAPTER FOUR entropy PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS OF RESULT AND DISCUSSION. 4. 1 Analysis of demographic data 23 4. 2 Analysis of resesrch data 24 4. 2. 1 The need for Islamic schools 24 4. 2. 2 NAMIS as an organised proboscis 26 4. 2. 3 NAMIS and Islamic schoolsmanagement human relationship. 28 4. 2. 4 Roles of NAMIS to educational development. 30 CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5. 1 Summary 33 5. 2 Conclusion 34 5. 3 Recommendations 34 References 36 Appendix I Questionnaire 38 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1. BACKGROUND TO THE STUDYEducation is generally true as a major source of development of any civilised society. Francis Bacon in his words said Crafty men condemn studies simple men admire them, and wise men use them. The importance of education to the development of the society has made all concerned stakeholders to be interested in its administration, planning and dissemination to the entire populace. Religious missionaries, most curiously Christian missi onaries were the fore-runners of western education in Nigeria. Education was used by those organisations as tool for grassroot evangelism as well as public separatement. Moslem communities were confront with challenges of getting their children educated in western way without getting them born-again into Christianity. Various Muslim organisations rose up to this challenge lately by establishing formal western oriented schools. Muslims are enjoined by Prophet Muhammed to seek for knowledge from the cradle to the grave and even go in quest of knowledge even unto china (edge of the earth) Various Muslim organisations realized this call to tackle the challenges go closely Muslim children in the path of obtaining western (formal) education.For instance, Ansar Ud Deen Society of Nigeria, Ahmadiyya Muslim Society of Nigeria, and hosts of other Muslim organisations were early enough to tackle the challenges. Most recently, another Muslim organisation established to contribute to solutio n of these challenges is Nigerian Association of Model Islamic schools (NAMIS). Nigerian Association of Model Islamic Schools (NAMIS) is a body comprising owners of Islamic Schools, some(prenominal) primary and thirdhand. The objective of the association is to provide qualitative education to Muslim children in accordance with the requirements of the Islamic religion.NAMIS is a voluntary non-political organisation which aims at constituting a forum of switch over of ideas and instill co-operation among private Islamically-oriented nursery, primary and secondary schools in Nigeria. NAMIS also engages in the formulation and implementation of programmes and policies aimed at assisting the regulation, growth and overture of standards in member-schools. NAMIS serves as a mouth piece for member-schools in relation to government. Nigerian Association for Model Islamic Schools was established in 1995. The initiative originated from Hajia Aisha Lemu.It held its first base subject semi nar in Minna, Niger state in 1997. NAMIS operates states chapters at state level and local government chapters. Oyo state chapter of NAMIS was established in 1995, while the Egbeda local anaesthetic giving medication Area chapter was inaugurated in year 2002. The elected state coordinators are members of the National executive officers of the association. NAMIS also form commissions such as monitoring committee to respect operations of member schools other committees are disciplinary, annual conference, teachers workshop, welfare and international relation. 1. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Islam offers man a complete code of life in the Quran and the sunnah (teachings of the Prophet), which if, followed wholeheartedly, will lead man towards the realization of the greatest glory that Allah has reserved for him as His vicegerent. Man needs training from his childhood both at family unit and in the society in order to adequately follow the code of life and attain consciousness of hims elf as Allahs vicegerent on earth. Education should aim at a balanced growth of the personality by training of the spirit, intellect, rational, self feelings, and bodily senses of man.The training imparted to a Muslim mustiness be such that faith is infused in the whole personality and creates in him an emotional attachment to Islam and enables him follow the complete code of life (Niaz, 1995. ) People glide by historical accounts of their heritages, culture and religions through the educational system they establish for their children they transmit their value and belief system through such constitutions as schools. Keeping up with religious duties during the school days establishes a strong connection among students and their faith, and enhances possibility of practicing their religion as they grow older.In history of education in Nigeria, early schools in the southern part of the country were founded by Christian missionaries whom were allowed by the British colonial power t o set up mission schools, government schools also were generally Christian-oriented. Lemu (2002) writes that any Muslim student in these schools would be forces to study Bible knowledge and in most cases attend church. Conversion was ofttimes a condition for admission. No teacher was provided for Islamic studies.All the aforementioned problems gave rise to the establishment of private Islamic schools for Muslims in the South-Western part of Nigeria. These Muslim schools faced initial challenges like getting government approval through registration, fashioning out of effective educational-curriculum and syllabi that will infuse their belief in the regular curriculum. separate challenges being faced by these schools are infrastructural inadequacies, administrative bottlenecks and general acceptability. NAMIS was established as controlling and collaborating body for all Muslim-oriented schools.This study focuses on the ability, capability and competence of this organisation in perfo rming her primary assignment. 1. 3PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The main purpose of this study is to investigate and examine the contributions of Nigerian Association of Model Islamic schools (NAMIS) to the development of education in Egbeda Local Government of Oyo State. The research work, precisely, has the following objectives a) To evaluate the contributions of NAMIS in upgrading standard of education of Muslim schools in Egbeda Local Government. ) To assess the lading of founders of these Muslim schools towards livelihood of the established schools. c) To compare the existent Muslim schools with other conventional (and non-Islamic missioner) schools with respect to infrastructural resources, man power and pedantic performance. d) To examine problems confronting NAMIS as a body. e) To establish constraints affecting Muslim schools towards discharge of high and quality academic standard. f) To suggest possible solutions for future success and remedy for prevention of existing problems in the future. . 4SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The findings from this study will provide statistical assessment on the roles of Nigerian Association of Model Islamic Schools (NAMIS) in the development of education. The outcome of this work will enlighten the general public of the activities and focus of NAMIS towards quality academic standards. The research will also enable founders of Muslim schools to further understand the importance of their unrelenting contributions towards better control and funding of their schools.The work is expected to enlighten NAMIS leadership of the problems confronting the association and suggest possible solutions to the issues. In addition, the research will take to task the interest of wealthy Muslims towards the establishment of more schools to serve the needs of numerous Muslim populace. The output of the research will be of usage to the generalities of Muslims in detail and Nigerians in general. It will be useful for all stakeholders in education such as parents, teachers, students, educational policy makers, school administrators and the likes. 1. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY due(p) to limited time constraints and financial incapability of the researcher, all schools cannot be consulted with respect to the research study and collection of data. The scope of the study shall be some selected NAMIS member-schools in Egbeda Local Government. Some of these selected schools are a) Al-Hayyu greenhouse and simple school, Olaogun, Ibadan. b) Ar-Rosheed Nursery and Primary school, Gbagi, Ibadan. c) Noble Foundation School, Gbelu, off Olode/Adekola, New Ife road, Ibadan. d) Assalam Nursery and Primary school, Alarere, Ibadan. ) Pillars of Islam Comprehensive school (PICOS), Oloya, Monatan. Eighty (80) respondents shall be contacted for data collection from these selected schools comprising of forty (40) teachers, twenty (20) parents (or guardians) and twenty (20) members of schools management boards. The study shall be limit ed to the roles of Nigerian Association of Model Islamic Schools (NAMIS) to the development of education in Egbeda Local Governemtn Area of Oyo State. 6. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS Association A society of people joined together for a particular purpose.Model A person or thing that can serve as a perfect example or pattern, worthy to be followed or copied. Education Systematic procedure for the transfer and transformation of culture, through formal or informal training of people in a society. It deals with the mental, physical, psychological and social development of the citizens in a given society. teaching Growth integrated with economic, scientific, political and home based technological expansion. Islam The religion of peace which manner the way of achieving total submission of ourselves to God.Muslim Adherent of Islam. Literally, Muslim means one who submits himself or herself to the commandment and will of Almighty God (Allah). School An institution for the instruction (and education) of children or other people. Egbeda Local Government This is one of the thirty-three local governments of Oyo State. Its headquarter is located in Egbeda. There are eleven wards in the local government and it is geographically surrounded by Lagelu, Ona-Ara, and Ibadan North-East Local Governments of Oyo State on one part and Osun State on another part. CHAPTER TWOLITERATURE REVIEW 1. MEANING, GOAL AND IMPORTANCE OF EDUCATION Kellerman (1980) defines education as the process of teaching and training of the child. It is the imparting or acquisition of skills for a particular address or profession in which applicable methods are used. Fafunwa (1983) views education as all positive efforts, conscious and direct, incidental and indirect, made by a given society to accomplish certain objectives that are considered desirable in terms of the individuals needs as well as the needs of the society where the programme is based.Education is therefore, a systematic procedure for the transfer and transformation of culture, through formal or informal training of people in a society. It deals with mental, physical, psychological and social development of the citizens in a given society. The goal of education is manpower development, aimed at national growth integrated with economic, scientific, political and home based technological expansion. However, development may be difficult in poor countries without qualitative and quantitative education.In her proneness to achieve meaningful educational development of the country, the Federal Government of Nigeria through her National Policy on education (2004) prescribes two major goals for formal education. The first goal is to civilize and enlighten every individual to lead the good life in society as a citizen of Nigeria while harmonizing with and sharing in the worlds ethnical heritage. The second goal is to equip every individual with the skills and job competencies for gainful employment. Education has enabled man to conquer the nature around him and invent certain gadgets for his comfortable use.Man has been able to improve his quality of food, clothing and shelter through education. The improved quality of life can be seen in area of transportation, wellness care delivery, industrialisation, etc. 2. THE NEED FOR ISLAMIC SCHOOLS A fundamental function of formal education advocated by National Policy on Education (2004) is to pretend a knowledge based work force for national development. However, this function was not addressed in totality by the system of education introduced by the missionary during the pre-independence period of Nigeria.Oghuvbu (2007) affirmed that Muslim education came into Nigeria by over 300 years before the arrival of Christian education around the 1840s. However, Muslim education was retarded because education in the middle of the 19th century in Nigeria tended to mean Bible Knowledge, Christian ethics, Christian moral instructions, Christian literature, some ar ithmetic, language and crafts directed towards the production of good Christians (Fafunwa, 1975) The goals of Christian missions Education was to produce teachers to assist in the teaching of the gospel and commercial activities.According to Boyd (1975418), the Church undertook the descent of education not because it regarded education as good in itself, but because it found that it could not do its own proper work without giving its adherents, and especially its clergy, as much of the formal learning as was required for the study of the sacred writings and for the performance of their religious duties. Furthermore, Bowen (185717) an early missionary, in Ejiogu (19883) stated that we desire to establish the Gospel in the hearts and minds and social life of the people, so that truth and righteousness may remain and flourish among them.This cannot be done without civilization. To establish the Gospel among any people, they must have Bible they must read the Bible and this implies for mal instruction (i. e. education). The early system of formal western education in Nigeria was, hence, aimed at achieving selfish ends in religion and trade. Lemu (2006) positioned that the western education system had then negative effects of the secularization and de-Islamization of young Muslim generations, as most of the graduates of this educational system became the potential victims of secular culture. The Muslim community was faced with the challenge of getting their children educated (in western system) without getting them converted into Christianity. Muslims also wanted their children to be taught Islamic education alongside the western system of education. Some Muslim organisations rose up to this challenge, one of such is Ansar-Ud-Deen. The Muslim organisation was established in 1923 for the purpose of educational development of Muslims and also as a body to enhance the moral and social development of the Muslim community. (Wikipedia, 2008). 3. ROLES OF secluded SCHOOL S IN EDUCATION.Government has been largely responsible for the provision of education in Nigeria. There has been a tremendous public domain participation in educational provision in the country (Emunemu, 2008). Public funding of education includes direct government expenditure (for buildings, teachers salaries and instructional materials) as well as indirect expenditures in form of subsides to households such as tax reductions, scholarships, loans and grants. There have been many cases of increase in active demand for education pioneered by an increasing number of children, jejunenesss and adults need.Government alone cannot meet these demands there is need, therefore, for a greater community and civil society participation in providing, managing and funding education. The issue of quality of educational output has been a matter of serious concern not only to the public but also the private sector. The private sector for primary and secondary education has been growing for the pas t two decades. The proliferation of private schools has been attributed by Emunemu (2008) to the widespread loss of public confidence in public primary and secondary education. The success recorded by private participation at primary and econdary schools levels inspired the Federal Government of Nigeria to lift ban on the establishment of private universities in 1993. Private schools provide helping hand for government in its effort to achieve education for all. Private schools provide qualitative education by employing competent teachers through the fees parents are being charged. They provide adequate amenities inevitable for effective discharge of educational services such as libraries, laboratories, classrooms. In locomote up, private participation in education improves effectiveness in a cost effective manner and without compromising equity.Private participation encourages the public sector to improve the quality and efficiency of public schools. Competition among providers o f services can lower costs and improve responsiveness to the needs of consumers. However, there is a need for a coordinated and focused answer particularly as regards partnerships and collaborations in the private sector. The Nigerian Association of Model Islamic Schools (NAMIS) is the coordinating body to play partnerships and collaborations among private Islamic Schools in Nigeria. 2. 4NAMIS OBJECTIVES AND ACTIVITIESNAMIS as an association of many Islamic Schools is guided by a constituted mission and vision which encompasses its aims and objectives. The association also shoulders some activities and responsibilities towards educational, religious and socio-cultural engagements in pursuit of its vision and mission. 2. 4. 1NAMIS AIMS AND OBJECTIVES According to NAMIS Constitution, the following are the aims and objectives of the association (a)To propagate Islam in our schools (b)To constitute a form for the exchange of ideas and to steer cooperation among private Islamic Schools . c)To engage in the formulation and implementation of programmes and policies aimed at assisting the regulation, growth and improvement of standards in member schools. (d)To serve as a mouth piece for member schools in relation to government. (e)To establish peaceful co-existence between both Muslim and Non-Muslim schools. (f)To encourage achievement of a world accepted standard for Islamically oriented schools. (g)To connect (and inspire) owners of model Islamic schools in Nigeria in order to place so much premium on the education and religious development. (h)To prepare young Muslims for future challenges. i)To fulfill Muslims first objective in life which is to fruitfully serve the creator (Allah) in our schools. (j)NAMIS is committed to the achievement peace and harmony towards the development of our community and Nigeria. 2. 4. 2EDUCATIONAL CONTRIBUTIONS OF NAMIS In order to impart knowledge to the young generation, NAMIS focuses its attention most on education. Some of its e ducational activities are discussed here. 2. 4. 2. 1 Workshops and Seminars NAMIS organises workshops and seminars on various aspects of school administration for teachers and owners of schools.Regular workshops and seminars are held to update knowledge of participants. NAMIS also recommends textbooks and teaching methods to Islamic Schools to meet the required standard in the society. 2. 4. 2. 2 Aisha Lemu Quiz Competition NAMIS conducts an annual inter school quiz competition among NAMIS registered schools. The competition which starts at local government chapters to state chapters and finally to national level features subjects like English Language, Mathematics, Sciences and Islamic Studies. 2. 4. 2. 3 NAMIS Joint Mock ExaminationNAMIS at local government levels organise an annual joint gibe examination to prepare their final-year primary school pupils for entrance examinations into secondary schools. Egbeda local government chapter held its last 2007/2008 session join mock exa mination at Al-Hayyu Nursery and Primary School Olaogun where many member schools participated. 2. 4. 2. 4 Inspection and Visitation to Schools An inspection committee is set up at local government chapter level by NAMIS to inspect and monitor the academic operations of member schools.During the visitation, the committee identifies lapses and recommends solutions to the problems in order to tick off the upliftment of the standard of the school being visited. The monitoring committee also serves as an agent of cognizance among member schools. 2. 4. 3RELIGIOUS CONTRIBUTION OF NAMIS NAMIS inculcates the teaching of Islamic knowledge into the curricula of its member schools. Prominent among religious activities (and roles) of NAMIS are as follow 2. 4. 3. 1Teaching of Islamic Studies, Arabic, Quran and Dawah as Subjects in Schools.NAMIS schools managements are enjoined to include these subjects separately on their time table. This will enable students to gain more knowledge on Islamic education along with the Western education. 2. 4. 3. 2. Annual Quran Competition NAMIS organises annual Quran quiz competition to test their students knowledge about Quran recitation and memorization. The Competition is held at local government level, State level and national level. The winners are awarded prizes to motivate other students. 2. 4. 3. 3. Observation of Daily Prayers at SchoolIn accordance to the commandment of Almighty Allah which stipulates that Muslims (believers) should observe their respective prayers at the appointed time (Quran, Chapter 4 verse 103) NAMIS schools provide period for reflectivity of prayers (solat). The two afternoon prayers (Zuhr and Asr) are to be offered in the schools by students and their teachers. 2. 4. 3. 4. Islamic Moral Teachings in Schools. NAMIS enjoins its members to lay emphasis on Dawah (moral and religious propagation) teaching. The teacher will be teaching Dawah as a subject.Lectures and Sermons are given to students during the s chool assembly period. 2. 4. 4SOCIO CULTURAL CONTRIBUTIONS OF NAMIS Some of the activities of NAMIS in area of Socio cultural contributions are as follow 2. 4. 4. 1 Art Exhibition, Cultural and Drama Display. NAMIS organises competition on art exhibition, drama and cultural display whereby various art works of schools are displayed. Song and rhymes are also performed during the competition which comes up along with Aisha Lemu Competition. The winner and the best actor or actresses are awarded prizes. 2. 4. 4. NAMIS Eid-el-Kabir and Hijrah get-together A get-together forum is organised annually by NAMIS to bring all Muslim children together to celebrate Muslim sacrificial festival (eid-el-kabir) and the Muslim new year (Hijrah). The get-together features events like match past, Islamic songs, rhyme and drama. Lecture is also delivered by notable Islamic scholar. 3. Children Day Celebration Nigeria government declares holiday annually on twenty-seventh of May for children day. NAMIS g athers school pupils together to celebrate the event on the particular day whereby match past, sing songs and lectures take place. . NAMIS Youth Camp Muslim students are invited into camp by NAMIS during the Yuletide (Christmas) period to educate them on Islamic teachings and develop them spiritually. The camp imbibes in the participants the spirit of living together with other pupils from other schools. The youth camp features lectures, quiz, video shows and other Islamic teachings. CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3. 1POPULATION The study focuses on the roles of Nigerian Association of Model Islamic Schools (NAMIS) in the development of education in Oyo State of Nigeria, it ses NAMIS Egbada Local Government Area chapter as the case study. The state of the study comprises of privately owned Islamic schools in Egbeda Local Government. In order to adequately evaluate the roles of NAMIS, some of such schools were selected for the purpose of data collection. 2. SAMPLING PROCEDURE AN D SAMPLING TECHNIQUE The study selected the following schools which are under the umbrella of NAMIS in the course of data collection a. Al-Hayyu Nursery and Primary School, Olaogun b. Ar-Rasheed Nursery And Primary Schools, Gbagi c.Noble Foundation School, Gbelu, Off Olode/Adekola d. Assalam Nursery and Primary School, Alarere e. Pillars of Islam Comprehensive School (PICOS) Oloya, Monatan. Eighty (80) respondents were selected from these schools comprising of forty (40) teachers, twenty (20) parents or guardians, and twenty (20) members of schools management boards. The simple random sampling technique was used to select the needed respondents from the chosen schools. 3. 3RESEARCH INSTRUMENT Structured questionnaire was the research instrument used to gather reliable information from the sample drawn.The questionnaire was made up of two sections A and B. constituent A captures the respondents personal data information. Section B comprises of eighteen (18) instrumental questions ca refully designed to ascertain the roles of NAMIS in the educational development of Oyo State taking Egbeda Local Government area as a case study. Section B was designed on two point like scale, seeking the respondents feeling to each particular items which was either agree (true) or disagree (false). Respondents were simply required to tick the appropriate column indicating their feelings. . 4VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF INSTRUMENT Some steps were carried out in order to ensure that the research data collection instrument (that is, the questionnaire) adequately measure what it is meant to measure and make it reliable and relevant to the research work at hand. The questionnaire was exposed to the thorough scrutiny and constructive criticisms by the project supervisor and other research experts. Necessary corrections and amendments were done before the final authentication and approval of the instrument by the supervisor. 3. 5ADMINISTRATION OF INSTRUMENTVisitations were made to the se lected schools in the local government area of study to administer the questionnaire and to carry out other relevant investigations. The questionnaire were distributed and collected back immediately after their completion by respondents. The researcher was assisted by the teachers of the visiting schools in the course of administration of the questionnaire. 3. 6METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS The analysis of the data obtained from the questionnaire was carried out using descriptive analysis technique, frequency counts and simple percentage.These statistical methods were employed to reflect the respondents opinions in the questionnaire (shown in the appendix). CHAPTER FOUR DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS OF RESULT AND DISCUSSION This chapter focuses on presentation and analysis of data collected and give-and-take of the major findings of the study. The findings are presented in tabular form sample percentage format coupled with discussion are made. 4. 1ANALYSIS OF DEMOGRAPHIC DATA plug-in 1 d iffusion of respondents by relationship to the school. affinity frequency dower (%) Teacher 40 50 Parent (or guardian) 20 25 Management 20 25 complete 80 vitamin C The table shows that majority of respondents (50%) are teachers. A quarter 25% of category of respondents are parents (or guardians), and same proportion of respondents are management. This frequency distribution shows that teachers were more available than other categories of respondents in the course of research instrument administration. Furthermore, teachers are in best position to judge the roles of NAMIS in the education development in the educational system. 4. 2ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH DATAThe findings of this study are grouped into four sections representing the need for Islamic schools impact of NAMIS as an organised body impact of school management and effects of NAMIS to educational development. 4. 2. 1THE NEED FOR ISLAMIC SCHOOLS This point shall be determined by considering results to questions 1,2,14, and 15 of section B of the questionnaire. Table 2 oftenness distribution table of response on conversion of Muslims in the course of getting western education in colonial missionary schools. assessment oftenness parting (%) Agree 78 97. 5 Disagree 2 2. 5 Total 80 100 Table 3 absolute frequency distribution table of response on the need for the establishment of Islamic schools by Muslim community. legal opinion FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%) Agree 80 100 Disagree 0 0 Total 80 100 Table 4 Frequency distribution table of response on the adequacy of Islamic schools now. OPINION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%) Agree 13 16. 25 Disagree 67 83. 75 Total 80 100 Table 5 Frequency distribution table of response on NAMIS encouragement of Muslim philanthropies and associations to establish more Islamic schools. OPINION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%) Agree 70 87. 5 Disagree 10 12. Total 80 100 Tables 2 to 5 reveal that majority of respondents agreed that Muslims were converted to other religion s in the course of acquiring western education in colonial missionary schools. There is hence, the need for the establishing of Islamic schools by Muslim community as there is insufficient of those schools now.NAMIS is notable by majority for her effort in encouraging Muslim philanthropies and associations to establish more Islamic schools. 4. 2. 2NAMIS AS AN ORGANISED BODY This point shall be judged by considering responses to questions 3, 11, 16 and 18 of section B of the questionnaire. Table 6 Frequency distribution table of response on awareness of NAMIS existence OPINION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%) True 74 92. False 6 7. 5 Total 80 100 Table 7 Frequency distribution table of response on NAMIS laying of emphasis on teaching of only Islamic related subjects in their member schools. OPINION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%) Agree 36 45 Disagree 44 55 Total 80 100 Table 8 Frequency distribution table of response on sufficiency of funding of NAMIS to carry out its required activities . OPINION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%) Agree 37 46. 25 Disagree 43 53. 75 Total 80 100 Table 9 Frequency distribution table of response on necessity of all Islamic schools to be members of NAMIS. OPINION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%) Agree 77 96. 25 Disagree 3 3. 75 Total 80 100 All tables in this section expose the awareness, operation and relationship of NAMIS with respect to coordination of activities of Islamic schools.Majority of respondents are aware of NAMIS, they do not agree that NAMIS emphasises the teaching of only Islamic related subjects in their members schools. NAMIS is not adequately funded to carry out its required activities as opined by majority of respondents. The greater number of respondents (77) agreed that all Islamic schools should be members of NAMIS. 4. 2. 3NAMIS AND ISLAMIC SCHOOLS MANAGEMENT RELATIONSHIP Responses to questions 5, 13, and 17 of section B of the questionnaire will be used to decide on the level of relationship between NAMIS and management o f Islamic schools.Table 10 Frequency distributions table of response on full implementation of NAMIS regulative guidelines in Islamic school. OPINION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%) Agree 72 90 Disagree 8 10 Total 80 100 Table 11 Frequency distribution table of response on adequate funding of Islamic schools by the management to ensure better performance of pupils. OPINION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%) Agree 75 93. 75 Disagree 5 6. 5 Total 80 100 Table 12 Frequency distribution table of response on membership of NAMIS by Islamic schools. OPINION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%) Agree 77 96. 25 Disagree 3 3. 5 Total 80 100 The tables in this section illustrate the relationship between management of Islamic schools and NAMIS. Greater number of respondents agreed that these schools are executing NAMIS regulative guidelines fully. Also, majority agrees that there is adequate financial commitment on these schools by their managements to enhance pupils performance. A lot of existing Muslim schools are members of NAMIS. . 2. 4ROLES OF NAMIS TO EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT Respondents examined the specific roles of National Association of Model Islamic schools (NAMIS) in their answers to questions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 12. Table 13 Frequency Distribution table of response on NAMIS increasing the religious awareness of pupils and personnel of Islamic schools. OPINION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE Agree 77 96. 5 Disagree 3 3. 75 Total 80 100 Table 14 Frequency Distribution table of response on contribution of NAMIS to the elevation of educational standards of Islamic schools. OPINION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE Agree 76 95 Disagree 4 5 Total 80 100 Table 15 Frequency Distribution table of response on relevancy of NAMIS organised events to the upliftment of academic standard and socio-cultural understanding of pupils. OPINION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE Agree 76 95 Disagree 4 5 Total 80 100 Table 16 Frequency Distribution table of response on effective coordination of religious activities of Mus lim schools by NAMIS. OPINION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE Agree 74 92. 5 Disagree 6 7. 5 Total 80 100 Table 17 Frequency Distribution table of response on enhancement of performance of Islamic schools with NAMIS coordination. OPINION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE Agree 69 86. 25 Disagree 11 13. 75 Total 80 100 Table18 Frequency Distribution table of response on achievement of required level of academic standard obtainable at non-Islamic schools by Islamic schools. OPINION FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE Agree 68 85 Disagree 12 15 Total 80 100 Tables analysed in this section illustrate the contribution of NAMIS to educational development of the society through its coordination of Islamic schools. Majority of respondents agreed as follow i) NAMIS increases the religious awareness of the pupils and personnel of Islamic schools. ii) NAMIS contributes to the upliftment of educational standards of its member schools iii) Events organised by NAMIS are relevant to the elevation of academic standard and soc io-cultural understanding of pupils. v) NAMIS coordinates religious activities of Muslim schools effectively. This and other activities make performance of these schools enhanced to the extent that academic standard obtainable at non-Islamic schools are now achievable at NAMIS schools. CHAPTER FIVE SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5. 1 SUMMARY This study aimed at investigating the contribution of Nigerian Association of Model Islamic Schools (NAMIS) to the development of education in Egbeda local government area of Oyo state in particular and Nigeria in general.In the course of the study, issues relating to the need for Islamic schools, activities of NAMIS relating to coordination of these schools and upliftment of academic standard and socio-cultural understanding of pupils were examined. The result of the data analysed earlier specifically reveals the following salient points. i) There is need for establishment of more Islamic schools as the existing number now is insuffic ient to cater for academic and socio-cultural education of Muslim children. ii) While NAMIS is trying a lot to uplift academic standard of Muslim schools, it is still being confronted with funding problem. ii) NAMIS ensures that Islamic schools are adequately funded by their owners and that pupils have sound academic and religious understanding. iv) NAMIS facilitates the achievement of required level of academic standard by Islamic schools obtainable in any good non-Islamic school. 5. 2 CONCLUSION The researcher, basing her opinion on findings in the course of this research, concludes that Nigerian Association of Model Islamic schools (NAMIS) plays crucial roles to the development of education in Egbeda local government area of Oyo State in particular and Nigeria as a country.Development of education involves growth integrated with scientific, political and technological expansion encompassed in the process of teaching and training of children. This is unachievable without contribut ion of well focused private bodies such as NAMIS. The body immensely contributes to the development of education in the society through the coordination and indirect management of Islamic schools. 5. 3. RECOMMENDATIONS In view of the findings derived from this research work, the under listed recommendations are proffered by the researcher. ) NAMIS should ensure that there is wider publicity and awareness about the association among Muslim schools in each local government and get them involved in the participation of her activities. b) Private schools should be viewed as participating partner in the course of educational development by the government. There should, hence, be a reduction or cancellation of registration and annual renewal fees and other levies collected from them by the government. ) Muslim parents should be informed about the gain and value awaiting their children by registering them in Muslim schools whereby Islamic education can be combined with western education. d) There should be call for mutual cooperation among the management, teachers and parents for the progress of our Islamic schools. e) There should be more call and encouragement for the establishment of Muslim schools due to the inadequate number of operating ones now to cater for the large population of Muslim children. ) The researcher finally suggests that related studies should be carried out on a wider population and society. REFERENCES 1. Akanbi, G. O. et al (2005), History of Education, Foundational Courses in Education I. Oyo B&K Publishers. 2. Alli Faozeyah (2007, January 18th), NAMIS at a Glance. Address of the Oyo State president of NAMIS at the Annual Ileya Children Get-together at BCOS, Ibadan. 3. Boyd, W. and E. J. King (1989), The History of Western Education. London Black. 4. Ejiogu, A. M. (1988), Landmarks in Educational Development in Nigeria. Lagos Joja Educational Research and Publishers Ltd. . Emunemu, Benedict O. (2008), Private Sector Participation In Educatio n And Skills Development In Nigeria. Online reference news report on internet. 6. Fafunwa, A. B. (1975), History of Education in Nigeria. London George Allen and Unwin Ltd. 7. Fafunwa, A. B. (1983), Development of Education in Nigeria, Trends and Issues in Nigerian Education. Ife University of Ife Press Ltd. 8. Hornby, A. S. (2003), Oxford Advanced Learners mental lexicon Of Current English. New York Oxford University Press. 9. IBERR, International Board of Education Research and Resources (2004), Vision For Muslim Schools.Cape Town IBERR Publishers. 10. IBERR (2004), The Concept of Islamisation. Cape Town IBERR Publishers. 11. Ibitoye, Q. A. (2008), The Status Of Students pauperism In Teaching And Learning Of Islamic Studies In Some Selected Secondary Schools A Case Study Of Ibadan S. E. Local Government. Unpublished NCE thesis at Emmanuel Alayande College of Education, Oyo. 12. Kellerman, D. F. (1980), The Lexicon Webster Dictionary. U. S. A Delair Pub. Company Inc. 13. NAMIS (2 000), Nigerian Association of Model Islamic Schools (NAMIS) Constitutions. Ibadan Peace Compuprint. 14.Ogbuvbu, Enamiroro (2007), Education, Poverty And Development In Nigeria The Way Forward In The 21st deoxycytidine monophosphate in European Journal of Social Sciences. Online reference paper on internet. 15. Raimi S. O, et al (2003), Education, Healthy Living and National Development. Lagos SIBIS Ventures. 16. Wikipedia (2008), Ansar Ud Deen Society of Nigeria. Online reference paper on internet. Appendix I Questionnaire ROLES OF NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MODEL ISLAMIC SCHOOLS (NAMIS) IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION IN OYO STATE A CASE STUDY OF NAMIS, EGBEDA LOCAL GOVERNMENT CHAPTER.QUESTIONNAIRE Dear Respondent, The questionnaire is designed to identify the roles of NAMIS in the development of education in Oyo state taking Egbeda Local Government as the case study. enthral give correct and accurate responses, your responses shall be treated with confidentiality. Briefly state or t ick your view where appropriate. Thank you. SECTION A 1. Name of your school (of your child or where you teach or manage) .. . .. .. 2. The local government where the school is located . . Your relationship with the school Teacher Parent (or guardian) Management. SECTION B breeding Tick agree (true) or disagree (false) as appropriate to your view. S/No. Question Agree (True) Disagree (False) 1. A lot of Muslims were converted to other religions in the course of acquiring western education during the pre-colonial era in missionary schools. 2. Muslim community needs the establishment of Islamic schools. 3. Are you aware of NAMIS existence? 4. NAMIS encourages Islamic schools to provide adequate teaching facilities and personnel in their schools 5. My school management implements NAMIS regulative guidelines fully in the school 6. NAMIS increases religious awareness of pupils and personnel of Islamic schools 7. NAMIS contributes to the elevation of stan dards of education of Islamic schools 8. Events organized by NAMIS are very relevant to the upliftment of academic standard and socio-cultural understanding of pupils 9. NAMIS coordinates religious activities of Muslim schools effectively 10. Islamic schools perform better under NAMIS coordination than before the association came into existence 11. NAMIS lays emphasis on teaching of Islamic related subjects only in their member schools 12. Islamic schools achieve required level of academic standard obtainable at other non-Islamic schools 13. The management of my school fund it adequately to ensure better performances of pupils 14. There is enough number of Islamic schools now 15. NAMIS encourages Muslim philanthropies and associations to establish more Islamic schools 16. NAMIS is adequately funded to carry out its required activities 17. Is your school a member of NAMIS? 18. All Islamic schools should be members of NAMIS.

Conflicting Medical Reports Essay

In this paper I will give you a description of the chemise that was discussed, I will also discuss what you should do if conflicting medical opinions ar presented by your general medical student and the companies physician, and which medical experts advice counts more(prenominal) and why? I am also going to discuss if the case presented is a charge of discrimination and if it is relevant to this case and why? Lastly, if I was presented with a case similar to this what would I do?This case is to the highest degree an employee named Donald Knolls who was an air traffic control supervisor for International Gateway Airport (IGA). In, 2007 Donald begun to experience slump and depression related problems due to severe tense caused by the job. In 2008, Donald was granted disability leave to undergo treatment for his illness. Eight months later and later extensive treatment and evaluations. Donalds personal physician, and consulting licensed psychologist agreed that he could decreas e to his former position. IGA sent Donald to their physician that they assigned to him to approve the disability, in the beginning they would sign off and approve him to go back up to his supervisory job.After the evaluation of IGAs physician concluded that Donald has made great strides to improve he should not return to his supervisory position because, the job conditions have not changed and Donald was apt to the stress too much. If Donald wants to return to melt down he must take a non-supervisory position for six months and be re-evaluated at that time to determine if he can return back to his supervisory potion.Donald was very incensed and not happy with this arrangement and filed a grievance through IGAs alternative dispute resolution procedure. After several meetings the employer maintained that they had the office to rely on the medical opinion of a fair and impartial physician who determined that Donald should not be returning to the position since that was the cause of the stress after all.Management pointed out the provisions of Donalds disability leave which stated that it may require appropriate documentation if it believes an employee is not fit to return to their former position. Donald hired an attorney to represent him and stated that the disability leave provisions were clear but, biased once morest the employee because they disregarded what their personal physician and psychologist stated. Donalds attorney also stated that he was a victim of discrimination based on his formal state of depression.The medical expert that IGA assigned to the company has assigned to the case should take some precedence, but that the expert physician should take in consideration or even consult the personal physician and psychologist that was treating Donald. The company hires their own physicians due to the high risk job that is in questioning. The company makes sure that their employees are fit to work and make sure that all of the planes take off and l and safely. Also, some companies have their own physicians due to insurance purposes, if they get a physician assigned to them e surplusly in airline field, the liability insurance is probably cut.Discrimination can be part of the situation but, if you think about it it could go both ways. I Donalds eyes yes he is being discriminated against because, he did a good job, got help for is problem, and is ready and willing to go back to his position, thinking that the company would hold his position since they are the ones that approved his disability. But, if you see it on the companies side, then no they are not being discriminating against Donald, they are making sure that the safety of everyone at the airport and all the airlines, employees, and passengers are safe, they are making sure that he is not going to be a liability to them and everyone else.If I was in this situation and presented a case like this I would study Donalds case, speak with all three physicians and then knead t his up with the Board or even the other managers and see what the best solution would be. It could be that he would be in a lower right-down position for thirty days. But, I really feel that I would recommend for Donald to be put back into his position but to be watched and monitored very virtually and make sure that everything is ok before he is let go on his own. If he proves to be ok, then everything is great but, if they see that the stress has gotten to him again then they can speak to him and see if there is another position or something that they can do for him.In conclusion, I have given you a description of the situation, gone over if the advice of the medical expert that the company brought forth or if you should go with the personal physicians opinion, if the charge of discrimination presented by Donalds lawyer relevant and if this case was presented to me what decision I would do. In jobs like an air traffic controller you must be able to put up with a lot of stress. M any people are not able to do the job, and the ones that can do it are special and that is why they make the money.

Puritan Society During the 1600’s Essay

Throughout history, many pile have valued to create a model society. During the 1600s, Puritans in New England tried to establish a perfective tense society. The settlers sought to create a colony that was free, contained a strong sense of faith, and was perfect and admired.The Puritans tried to create a liberated society. They first wanted to be free from England. They wanted to prevent what had gone wrong in England from happening in their colonies. In England, many multitude faced persecution because of their beliefs. Many people came to America seeking religious freedom. During the reign of Charles I in England, the that way people could get religious freedom was to sail to America, mostly to the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Here, the settlers placed a very(prenominal) strong emphasis on religious freedom.The Puritans stop up constructing the Massachusetts Bay Colony based on their religious freedoms and beliefs. The colonists managed to accomplish many of these goals. But a few of these goals did not go as they had originally wished. The freedoms in America eventually became the same as it was in England, because the government taxed all the people, church members or not, and they enforced a law forcing people to attend church services. The Puritans fulfilled the freedoms that they wanted, but these liberties did not last long.The settlers also wanted their colonies to have a very strong sense of religion. The New England Puritans were very intense in religious matters. They wanted to be a very holy society. To ensure this, the church and the government subject fielded together the religion was very most connected with the Puritan political structure. Their mixture of religion and politics was based on self-government, limited government, individualism, and the communitys right to visualize, meaning that the community could control all its members in a common interest. They were very serious about religion because they were founded upon religious b eliefs.They felt very strong about purifying the Anglican Church. Their churches because Congregational Churches therefore, they emphasized local control and independence. The colonies, especially the Massachusetts Bay Colony, aspired to maintain this holiness, and they accomplished it, but it got out of hand. Their mixture of politics and religion soon turned into a theocracy, where it was grievous tosee where church and state separated. As their religious freedom lessened, the colonies became more and more like England over time.The colonists wanted their colonies to be admired. In order for this to happen, the colonies needed to be perfect. They set boundaries about who they would let settle there they only let religiously congenial people in. The colonists thought that they needed a strict orthodoxy to survive. They were trying to create a holy empire, or a city on a cumulation, that would be looked up to by the rest of the world. They wanted to become a beacon to others (Bri nkley, 1999). The governor of Massachusetts Bay, John Winthrop, described an ideal society in Model of Christian Charity. The settlers wanted to create a New Jerusalem, or John Winthrops city on a heap, to be admired by everyone, and they were willing to do almost anything to achieve it.The New England Puritans were also very hard workers, and they had a very strong work ethic. They were serious and hardworking people who led very useful lives. They were against anything that wasted time or resources, such as playing cards or gambling. They believed that if they worked hard then they would be successful therefore they thought material success and prosperity were favors from God. Although the Puritans created a strong and energetic society that would influence American grow far after their time, they still could not live up to the ideal conditions that John Winthrop discussed. They also could not keep up their passion for religion, so in the end, their colonies were far from perfec t.The settlers tried very hard to create these perfect and holy societies. They gained freedom from England, including the freedom to worship as they wanted. They then founded colonies based upon religion with a very strict and holy society. They wanted these colonies to be admired by being what they thought to be perfect. No matter how hard they endeavored, these colonies only became more and more like England. They New England Puritans tried very hard, but they never achieved their model society.Works CitedBrinkley, Alan. (1999). American History A Survey, Tenth Edition. capital of MassachusettsMcGraw-Hill College.Sage, Henry J. (2003). Colonial American History Puritan New England. www.nv.cc.va.us/nvsageh/Hist121/Part1/NewEngland.htm.

Blades Inc Solution of Ifm

Get an answer from tutors to this homework question right away Chapter 5 Blades, Inc. Case Use of Currency Derivative Instruments Blades, Inc. needs to order supplies 2 months ahead of the delivery date. It is considering an order from a Japanese supplier that requires a payment of 12. 5 million long payable as of the delivery date. Blades has 2 choices Purchase two call preferences contracts (since each pickaxe contract represents 6,250,000 yen). Purchase one futures contract (which represents 12. million yen). The futures price on yen has historically exhibited a slight discount from the quick spot govern. However, the firm would like to use currency pickings to hedge payables in Japanese yen for transactions 2 months in advance. Blades would prefer hedging its yen payable position because it is uncomfortable leaving the position open given the historical volatility of the yen. Nevertheless, the firm would be impulsive to remain un-hedged if the yen becomes more stable som eday.Ben Holt, Blades chief financial officer ( CFO), prefers the tractability that options offer over forward contracts or financial officer ( CFO), prefers the flexibility that options offer over forward contracts or futures contracts because he can let the options expire if the yen depreciates. He would like to use an physical exertion price that is to the highest degree 5 part above the existing spot rate to ensure that Blades will befuddle to pay no more than 5 per-cent above the existing spot rate for a transaction 2 months beyond its order date, as long as the option premium is no more than 1. percent of the price it would have to pay per unit when exercising the option. In general, options on the yen have required a premium of about 1. 5 percent of the total transaction amount that would be gainful if the option is exercised. For example, recently the yen spot rate was $0. 0072, and the firm purchased a call option with an exercise price of $0. 00756, which is 5 perce nt above the existing spot rate. The premium for this option was $0. 0001134, which is 1. 5 percent of the price to be paid per yen if the option is exercised.A recent event caused more uncertainty about the yen s future value, although it did not affect the spot rate or the forward or futures rate of the yen. Specifically, the yen s spot rate was still $0. 0072, unless the option premium for a call option with an exercise price of $0. 00756 was now $0. 0001512. An alter-native call option is available with an expiration date of 2 months from now it has a premium of $0. 0001134 (which is the size of the premium that would have existed for the option esired before the event), but it is for a call option with an exercise price of $0. 00792. The table below summarizes the option and futures information available to Blades the option premium for a call option with an exercise price of $0. 00756 was now $0. 0001512. An alter-native call option is available with an expiration date of 2 m onths from now it has a premium of $0. 0001134 (which is the size of the premium that would have existed for the option desired before the event), but it is for a call option with an exercise price of $0. 00792.The table below summarizes the option and futures information available to Blades sooner Event After Event Spot rate $. 0072 $. 0072 $. 0072 Option Information Exercise price ($) $. 00756 $. 00756 $. 00792 Exercise price (% above spot) 5% 5% 10% Option premium per yen ($) $. 0001134 $. 0001512 $. 0001134 Option premium (% of exercise price) 1. 5% 2. 0% 1. 5% Total premium ($) $1,417. 50 $1,890. 00 $1,417. 50 Amount paid for yen if option is exercised (not including premium) $94,500 $94,500 $99,000 Futures Contract Information Futures price $. 06912 $. 006912 As an analyst for Blades, you have been asked to offer insight on how to hedge. 1. What are the advantages and disadvantages for Blades to use currency option contracts and currency futures contracts to hedge its 12. 5 m illion yen payables respectively? 2. If Blades uses call options to hedge its yen payables, should it use the call option with the exercise price of $0. 00756 or the call option with the exercise price of $0. 00792? What are differences between these two alternatives? 3.Given the above information, how may you take advantages of this situation? 4. Assume the standard deviation for yen is about $0. 0005. If you believe that the future spot rate will likely be two standard deviations above and below the expected spot rate (0. 006912) by the delivery date, what are your maximum gain and loss for option contracts and future contract respectively? Please draw a contingency plat for each type of contract and also mark the maximum gain, loss, and a break-even price point for each type of contract in your answer. Please channelise your calculation

Market structure

quaternary basic types of market place structures argon 1- Perfect contestation 2- Monopolistic opposition 3- Oligopoly 4- Monopoly thither is also a nonher(prenominal) market structure called Monopoly. 1- Perfect disceptation It is considered to a greater extent theoretical than practical, beca intake it is very rargon. In staring(a) intention a large do of firms sell similar products, where none of them has determine spot. at that place no berries or very easy to enter to the market by any new farm. Prices. For workout if we go to typical retail shops to buy vegetables, we forget get at same prices from each and every shop.Fish market at antheral is a very good and a naive example, where inside the market lot of traffickers result be selling same fishes. Prices will be set by the bespeak and supply. Neither vendee nor seller sets the price. It is to a greater extent like automates pricing. Characteristics of sinless competition complicate large umber of pif fling firms, identical products, perfect resource mobility and perfect knowledge. 2- Monopolistic competition It is most like perfect competition where large number of small firms sells similar but not identical products. Relative freedom of entry, to and exit from the industry.It means buyers will have substitutes to choose from. Alternatives to buy for fulfill their unavoidably and wants. Examples of industries structures as monopolistic competition includes, clothing industry, restaurants, and shoes and so on. 3- Oligopoly It is a market situation where products be supplied by small number of firms where ACH of them has influence over pricing and supplies which directly effects the position of the challengers. I oligopoly in that location is a special case where there is only(prenominal)(prenominal) two producers are called Duopoly. 4- Monopoly This is a market structure where only one producer in a market who has to the make sense control.Buyers do not have substitutes and have no choice. They have total control over supply and prices. In this market structure, seller is constantly happy and consumers suffer. They take more profit with a huge fringy set from the products. Characteristics of monopoly includes single seller, unique product, berries o entry and specialized information. The fifth type of market structure which is not included in basic structures is Monopoly. It is upside surmount of a monopoly where there is only one buyer. If we relate to a Mammalian context, government is the only buyer for the explosives and guns. Where there may be many sellers.Exhibit 1 Perfect Competition Monopolistic Competition Oligopoly Monopoly Number of Sellers Many Few One Barriers to Entry in truth Low Low Very High causa of Substitute Products Very good Good substitutes but differentiated Very good differentiated substitutes No good substitutes Nature of competition Price only Marketing, features and price Advertising Pricing Power None Little Litt le to significant Significant As mentioned above, from 1988 to 2005 telecommunication industry of Maldives was a monopoly market. The following will elaborate how it was a monopoly and what was the situation during the monopoly. 988-2005 drawing off monopoly in Maldives It was tale that people used to call blueprint as Blood Suckers. When the phoner started in the Maldives in Maldives there was a telecommunication process by cable and wire slight which uses USB set to communicate among the islands. After their cookment as one and only telecoms service showr in 1988 they brought a major upgrade to their profit in 1989 in Male and introduced paging service in the Maldives. They also introduced internet service for the very first time in Maldives in 1996 followed by mobile phone service in 1997 which was upgraded to GSM in 1999.Being the only company to provide the service and major appropriate controlled by the government of the Maldives, they introduced services at a huge m arginal value. Consumers have no substitution in the market, which make pass Draught to grow up and cake huge profit and extended its service to nationwide, maculation charging grotesque mellow charges to cover its expansion costs and fashioning more profit. It is usual to charge more from the consumers in monopoly market structure. In monopoly, always seller is always happy and consumers are unhappy.Some pros and cons of monopoly are Advantages Disadvantages Large keen scale benefit to the company More money to invest on development Earning national exporting revenues Price discrimination amidst consumers Very high market destiny Restricts production potential Do not actively pursue new clients forgetful product quality Unfair wealth statistical distribution Entry barrier for new comers When Waiting telecoms Maldives (presently called staged) started their service officially in Maldives on foremost grand 2005 shortly after they were licensed on 1st of February 2005, th e market structure changed to an oligopoly.Oligopoly In economics oligopoly means that there are few sellers of a real product in a market. Usually these sellers are always in a high competition with each other. In this type of markets sellers knows very good around their competitors. They have a high power to in pushing their products to the consumers. When on seller makes a change, it will directly affect other sellers. There is a special case in oligopoly which is called duopoly. Which is when the there is only two sellers in the market. Here are some advantages and disadvantages of oligopoly.Advantages Lot of control Ability to submit prices Competitive pricing More profit making Perfect knowledge of the market Price controlling will be a disadvantage for consumers notional ideas may fail to realist Difficult for small firms to sustain in the market Not much of competition No fair wealth distribution Oligopoly in Maldives telecoms industry From 2005 Ordered became the maj or and the only competitor to Draught. As usual they have initiated their business with a huge investment to make existence of their network across the Maldives.It was a huge challenge for them to establish when there was a well-established and government controlled seller in the marker for almost a decade, market share was 100% controlled by monopolized Draught. Immediately after scratch the service in the market by the new comer, the unhappy customers of the monopolized industry started to change their service provider. They started with preliminary promotional prices which was far much better than the unfastened market controller, which directly affected the business of Draught. Competition, strengths and weaknesses.When there are two or more sellers are there in a market, it is obvious that the competition will be born in the market. It is very interesting to study about the competition between Ordered and Draught. Luckily I have got very good connections at the top levels of two the companies, which made me to sit and talk about their respective companies. I found that they are tightly in competition with each other. Pricing When Draught was alone in the industry, consumers pay around USED $100 bonny user used to pay around move 2000 per month for the usage. Call rates are sky high.Rates differ from calls from mobile to mobile and mobile to landlines. When the competition started and if we see current situation, we have choices for individuals and businesses depends on what consumer needs. There are some consumers who want more talk time than data while others doesnt care about the talk time but data allow the service provider offers. Those used to spend around 2000 per month now are spending less than 500 per month because of competitive pricing by the competitors. Advertising Earlier days Draught keeps and average advertising.Unlike that now each and every TV communicate is occupied by both Draught and Ordered ads. All the islands with more pop ulation see those companies bill boards near harbors and schools. It is very clear that Ordered is doing more aggressive advertising while Draught use more informative advertising. Corporate Social responsibility We used to say that both the companies do bodied social responsibility to a certain extent. further in real, in my study I found that rather than corporate social responsibility they both do corporate philanthropy. They do not actively participate in social activities.But they do help by donation some money to do the social activities by others. That is a form of advertisement they both do. They are present in the activities as bill boards. Just to advertise the company name. For example Thieved league football tournament is always sponsored by one of these two companies. Competitive advantages Draught uses first in Maldives Largest network and so on while Ordered uses best network for smart phones. Draught is first to come and unruffled holds 65% market share while Orde red is gaining market share at a rapid speed.Bad the backbone of the company is much better with latest technologies while Draught is upgrading its backbone. Subsidized handsets to consumers Ordered started offering Samsung handset to its consumers with nonplus for the very first time in Maldives. And soon they will be starting offer orchard apple tree handsets on contract, while Draught is working with apple to introduce subsidized apple handsets with contract. Apple presently certified Ordered network for their products while Draught is doing upgrades to obtain certification of using Apple products on contract. Is this industry good for the society?Unlike the history of the monopoly in the telecommunication industry in the Maldives, with existing oligopoly (duopoly) consumers are happy now. As is economic theory, man wants are unlimited with the scares resources available, people are still aiming for mush cheaper services with better quality. As mentioned earlier in this repor t, consumers expenses, for the use of telecommunication are fall by 60 percentages. We never heard of handset for installments by service providers before. But it is started now. We have heard about subsidized handset with contract with toter locked, from other parts of the world.We never imagined that a small country with a small population like us will get phones on contract with subsidized prices. But it is soon to happen. Unlike perfect competition and monopolistic competition there are no much of sellers. So competition and pricing of the products will not be according to the demand and supply. Sellers will have the power to set the prices. Consumers are very happy when there is a perfect competition and monopolistic competition. Consumers are sad at most when there is a monopoly. But than they used to have, the monopoly. It is an average good for the society.Market structureFour basic types of market structures are 1- Perfect competition 2- Monopolistic competition 3- Oligop oly 4- Monopoly There is also another market structure called Monopoly. 1- Perfect competition It is considered more theoretical than practical, because it is very rare. In perfect intention a large number of firms sell identical products, where none of them has pricing power. There no berries or very easy to enter to the market by any new farm. Prices. For example if we go to normal retail shops to buy vegetables, we will get at same prices from each and every shop.Fish market at Male is a very good and a simple example, where inside the market lot of sellers will be selling same fishes. Prices will be set by the demand and supply. Neither buyer nor seller sets the price. It is more like automates pricing. Characteristics of perfect competition include large umber of small firms, identical products, perfect resource mobility and perfect knowledge. 2- Monopolistic competition It is almost like perfect competition where large number of small firms sells similar but not identical prod ucts. Relative freedom of entry, to and exit from the industry.It means buyers will have substitutes to choose from. Alternatives to buy for fulfill their needs and wants. Examples of industries structures as monopolistic competition includes, clothing industry, restaurants, and shoes and so on. 3- Oligopoly It is a market situation where products are supplied by small number of firms where ACH of them has influence over pricing and supplies which directly effects the position of the competitors. I oligopoly there is a special case where there is only two producers are called Duopoly. 4- Monopoly This is a market structure where only one producer in a market who has to the total control.Buyers do not have substitutes and have no choice. They have total control over supply and prices. In this market structure, seller is always happy and consumers suffer. They take more profit with a huge marginal value from the products. Characteristics of monopoly includes single seller, unique prod uct, berries o entry and specialized information. The fifth type of market structure which is not included in basic structures is Monopoly. It is upside down of a monopoly where there is only one buyer. If we relate to a Mammalian context, government is the only buyer for the explosives and guns. Where there may be many sellers.Exhibit 1 Perfect Competition Monopolistic Competition Oligopoly Monopoly Number of Sellers Many Few One Barriers to Entry Very Low Low Very High Type of Substitute Products Very good Good substitutes but differentiated Very good differentiated substitutes No good substitutes Nature of competition Price only Marketing, features and price Advertising Pricing Power None Little Little to significant Significant As mentioned above, from 1988 to 2005 telecommunication industry of Maldives was a monopoly market. The following will elaborate how it was a monopoly and what was the situation during the monopoly. 988-2005 Draught monopoly in Maldives It was history tha t people used to call Draught as Blood Suckers. When the company started in the Maldives in Maldives there was a telecommunication service by cable and wireless which uses USB set to communicate between the islands. After their establishment as one and only telecoms service provider in 1988 they brought a major upgrade to their network in 1989 in Male and introduced paging service in the Maldives. They also introduced internet service for the very first time in Maldives in 1996 followed by mobile phone service in 1997 which was upgraded to GSM in 1999.Being the only company to provide the service and major share controlled by the government of the Maldives, they introduced services at a huge marginal value. Consumers have no substitution in the market, which lead Draught to grow up and cake huge profit and extended its service to nationwide, while charging extraordinary high charges to cover its expansion costs and making more profit. It is usual to charge more from the consumers in monopoly market structure. In monopoly, always seller is always happy and consumers are unhappy.Some pros and cons of monopoly are Advantages Disadvantages Large capital scale benefit to the company More money to invest on development Earning national export revenues Price discrimination between consumers Very high market share Restricts production potential Do not actively pursue new clients Poor product quality Unfair wealth distribution Entry barrier for new comers When Waiting telecoms Maldives (presently called Ordered) started their service officially in Maldives on 1st August 2005 shortly after they were licensed on 1st of February 2005, the market structure changed to an oligopoly.Oligopoly In economics oligopoly means that there are few sellers of a certain product in a market. Usually these sellers are always in a high competition with each other. In this type of markets sellers knows very well about their competitors. They have a high power to in pushing their products t o the consumers. When on seller makes a change, it will directly affect other sellers. There is a special case in oligopoly which is called duopoly. Which is when the there is only two sellers in the market. Here are some advantages and disadvantages of oligopoly.Advantages Lot of control Ability to fix prices Competitive pricing More profit making Perfect knowledge of the market Price controlling will be a disadvantage for consumers Creative ideas may fail to realist Difficult for small firms to establish in the market Not much of competition No fair wealth distribution Oligopoly in Maldives telecoms industry From 2005 Ordered became the major and the only competitor to Draught. As usual they have initiated their business with a huge investment to make existence of their network across the Maldives.It was a huge challenge for them to establish when there was a well-established and government controlled seller in the marker for almost a decade, market share was 100% controlled by mo nopolized Draught. Immediately after starting the service in the market by the new comer, the unhappy customers of the monopolized industry started to change their service provider. They started with introductory promotional prices which was far much better than the ajar market controller, which directly affected the business of Draught. Competition, strengths and weaknesses.When there are two or more sellers are there in a market, it is obvious that the competition will be born in the market. It is very interesting to study about the competition between Ordered and Draught. Luckily I have got very good connections at the top levels of both the companies, which made me to sit and talk about their respective companies. I found that they are tightly in competition with each other. Pricing When Draught was alone in the industry, consumers pay around USED $100 average user used to pay around MOVE 2000 per month for the usage. Call rates are sky high.Rates differ from calls from mobile t o mobile and mobile to landlines. When the competition started and if we see current situation, we have choices for individuals and businesses depends on what consumer needs. There are some consumers who want more talk time than data while others doesnt care about the talk time but data allowance the service provider offers. Those used to spend around 2000 per month now are spending less than 500 per month because of competitive pricing by the competitors. Advertising Earlier days Draught keeps and average advertising.Unlike that now each and every TV channel is occupied by both Draught and Ordered advertisements. All the islands with more population see those companies bill boards near harbors and schools. It is very clear that Ordered is doing more aggressive advertising while Draught use more informative advertising. Corporate Social responsibility We used to say that both the companies do corporate social responsibility to a certain extent. But in real, in my study I found that rather than corporate social responsibility they both do corporate philanthropy. They do not actively participate in social activities.But they do help by donation some money to do the social activities by others. That is a form of advertisement they both do. They are present in the activities as bill boards. Just to advertise the company name. For example Thieved league football tournament is always sponsored by one of these two companies. Competitive advantages Draught uses first in Maldives Largest network and so on while Ordered uses best network for smart phones. Draught is first to come and still holds 65% market share while Ordered is gaining market share at a rapid speed.Bad the backbone of the company is much better with latest technologies while Draught is upgrading its backbone. Subsidized handsets to consumers Ordered started offering Samsung handset to its consumers with contract for the very first time in Maldives. And soon they will be starting offer apple handsets on contract, while Draught is working with apple to introduce subsidized apple handsets with contract. Apple currently certified Ordered network for their products while Draught is doing upgrades to obtain certification of using Apple products on contract. Is this industry good for the society?Unlike the history of the monopoly in the telecommunication industry in the Maldives, with existing oligopoly (duopoly) consumers are happy now. As is economic theory, human wants are unlimited with the scares resources available, people are still aiming for mush cheaper services with better quality. As mentioned earlier in this report, consumers expenses, for the use of telecommunication are decreased by 60 percentages. We never heard of handset for installments by service providers before. But it is started now. We have heard about subsidized handset with contract with carrier locked, from other parts of the world.We never imagined that a small country with a small population like us will get phones on contract with subsidized prices. But it is soon to happen. Unlike perfect competition and monopolistic competition there are no much of sellers. So competition and pricing of the products will not be according to the demand and supply. Sellers will have the power to set the prices. Consumers are very happy when there is a perfect competition and monopolistic competition. Consumers are sad at most when there is a monopoly. But than they used to have, the monopoly. It is an average good for the society.