Polyvinylchloride (PVC) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Polyvinylchloride (PVC) - Essay Example PVC is profoundly precarious and subsequently it requires adjustment which should be possible in a few different ways. One of the basic ways is counteraction of dehydrochlorination. This procedure includes the expansion of different mixes like metal oxides so as to stop or moderate dehydroclorination. The greater part of the monetarily accessible PVC is comprehended to be anamorphous glass like polymer that has crystalline structure. These crystallites are comprised of not many monomers that are masterminded syndiotactically. In that capacity, the appearance seems, by all accounts, to be streaming grains that has essential totals installed in them. It is frequently asserted that there are sub-essential particles installed in the streaming grains yet this has stayed disputable. The PVC’s stage structure consolidates with a few mixes, for example, chlorinated polyethylene (CPE), ethylene-vinylacetate copolymer (EVA) and acrylo-nitrile-butadiene elastic (NBR). This stage is predicated upon similarity just as procedure temperature and mixing during mechanical mixing. An expansion of the temperature during mechanical preparing of PVC to levels higher than the basic levels suggested for first degree molecule combination prompts move. The move prompts a reversal whereby there is a higher elastic substance with 30% being non

Red Badge Of Courage Essays (1368 words) - The Red Badge Of Courage

Red Badge Of Courage The Red Badge of Courage, by Steven Crane, has been declared one of the most noteworthy war books ever. It is a story that sensibly portrays the American Civil War through the eyes of Henry Fleming, a conventional homestead kid who chooses to turn into a fighter. Henry, who is battling for the Union, is very resolved to turn into a legend, and the story delineates Henrys journey from being a youthful weakling, to a daring man. This journey is the exemplary outing from blamelessness to experience. The story begins with a warmed discussion between the officers. One kid had heard talk that the regiment would be proceeding onward to face a conflict the following day. A portion of the fighters concur with this kid, while others feel that their regiment will never participate in a genuine fight. While watching this contention, Henry, the hero, concludes that he would prefer to go set down and think rather then partake in the warmed contention between the fighters. Henry, a basic homestead kid, is somewhat energized when he hears the gossip that they will be battling soon. It had consistently been a fantasy of his to battle in a war, and become a legend, and now his fantasy was working out as expected. Henry starts to consider what life resembled before he entered the military, and recollects the accounts of war he has gotten notification from old veterans. This flashback is extremely powerful in indicating how his past encounters have influenced his contemplations on war now. It is unmitigatedly clear that he is worried about the possibility that that he won't have the option to withstand the weights of a fight. He continues revealing to himself that in the event that he needs to turn into a saint, he can not flee. He should stand out the fight with the remainder of his confidants. While walking along, Henry sees the main cadaver he has ever observed. He shows feel sorry for the man, on the grounds that the dead man had kicked the bucket in such poor conditions. The spirits of his shoes were worn exposed. At the point when Henry sees the body, he starts to think about whether his officers really comprehend what they are doing. He feels that the officers are driving him directly into a snare, directly into the center of the renegades. Henry bargains with his dread of fight by acting haughty. He goes about as though he has been in a thousand fights, and whines about the strolling, despite the fact that the peruser knows that he would prefer to walk perpetually then go to fight as of right now. It shows one of Henry's guard instruments, how he utilizes his egotism to stow away his blamelessness. Regiment 304 proceeds onward to fight the following day. Henry turns out to be very terrified, yet is too glad to even consider talking to any of the others fighters about his feelings of dread. All the warriors are extremely restless to battle in the war, and Tom and Henry talk about how they won't flee from war, and how they need to turn into big time war legends. This is amusing, in light of the fact that toward the finish of the book their desires work out as expected. At the point when the fight begins, all the warriors get restless and anxious. Tom and Henry don't end up being as bold as they imagine that they could be. While covering up, Tom discovers Henry, and gives him a manila envelope of letters for his family. Tom accepts that this will be his first and his last fight. Henry winds up satisfying his most exceedingly terrible bad dream. Rather than standing out the fight with the remainder of his regiment, he holes up behind some brush so as to save himself from biting the dust. He tunes in on the fight, and to quite a bit of his shock, he hears cheering based to what's left side of his regiment. He at that point takes off into the forested areas out of frustration. While going through the forested areas his still, small voice starts to address him. His still, small voice considers him a defeatist, and a betrayer. Out of blame, Henry runs back to the fight site, and meets again with his regiment. These activities demonstrated Henry's development, and want to be a war saint. At the point when Henry gets together his regiment and more established worn out man starts to have a conversation with him. The elderly person asks Henry where yeh hit, ol' kid? which means, where he got shot. With enormous sentiments of blame, Henry shrugs from the man and runs once again into the forested areas. From behind a tree, he takes a gander at all the injured fighters. Now and again he respected

How to Write Term Papers Effectively

How to Write Term Papers EffectivelyIf you have decided to write term papers you are making a wise decision. Term papers are very easy to write, and you can learn a lot from articles on the web. However, you will need to know the basics before you can begin.You need to know what your assignment is. You need to know what the topic of your paper is going to be. That will help you decide which type of paper you need to write. Also, depending on the type of assignment you have, you may want to do more than one.Use a good dictionary for the grammar in your term papers. You want to be able to say it all properly. You can write the essay using keywords or try to get a better understanding of them.Learn how to read. It is amazing how many students take their tests for granted. You have to take some time to learn to read and understand sentences, and you need to practice that.Grammar is not that hard, but it is easy to forget when you are concentrating on getting it right. You need to use sen tence completion, spelling check, and to be able to correct your own grammar. You can go to help sites like Grammar Network or Word Clearinghouse.You can read from an essay at the high school level. You can also purchase books or go to the library and find out how to write it. You can even find free information online.You need to be able to spell check, because you will be using it often. It can be hard to write an essay correctly the first time, so this will make it easier. Plus, you will be able to proofread, and save yourself a lot of money.If you want to write term papers quickly, you should have a word processing software or program on your computer. It can be very handy when you can just type up your term papers and let it do the work for you. Once you get the hang of it, you will want to use the program more often.

Red and White Mulberry Information and Identification

Red mulberry or Morus rubra is native and widespread in the eastern U.S. It is a rapid-growing tree of valleys, flood plains, and moist, low hillsides. This species attains its largest size in the Ohio River Valley and reaches its highest elevation (600 meters or 2,000 feet) in the southern Appalachian foothills. The wood is of little commercial importance. The trees value is derived from its abundant fruits, which are eaten by people, birds, and small mammals. The white mulberry, Morus alba, is native to China and has several differences including size, foliage, and color of fruit. Fast Facts: Red Mulberry Scientific name: Morus rubraPronunciation: MOE-russ RUBE-ruhFamily: MoraceaeUSDA hardiness zones: 3a through 9Origin: Native to North AmericaUses: Bonsai; shade tree; specimen; no proven urban toleranceAvailability: Somewhat available, may have to go out of the region to find the tree Native Range Red mulberry extends from Massachusetts and southern Vermont west through the southern half of New York to extreme southern Ontario, southern Michigan, central Wisconsin and southeastern Minnesota; south to Iowa, southeastern Nebraska, central Kansas, western Oklahoma and central Texas; and east to southern Florida. It is also found in Bermuda. Description Size: 60 feet tall; 50 foot spreadBranches: Dense branches that droop as the tree grows, and will require pruning for clearance; should be trained to a single leader.Leaf: Alternate, simple, broadly ovate to roughly orbicular, pointed, 3 to 5 inches long, serrate margin, even base, rough and fuzzy undersidesTrunk and Bark: Showy trunk; Gray colors with flattened and scaly ridges.Flower and Buds: Small and inconspicuous flowers with off-center buds; usually dioecious but can be monoecious (both male and female flowers on different branches); male and female flowers are stalked axillary pendulous catkins and appear in April and MayFruit: Reddish black and resembling blackberries; reach full development from June to August; composed of many small drupelets developed from separate female flowers ripening togetherBreakage: Susceptible to breakage either at the crotch due to poor collar formation, or the wood itself is weak and tends to break. Special Uses Red mulberry is noted for its large, sweet fruits. A favored food of most birds and a number of small mammals including opossum, raccoon, fox squirrels, and gray squirrels the fruits also are used in jellies, jams, pies, and drinks. Red mulberry is used locally for fence posts because the heartwood is relatively durable. Other uses of the wood include farm implements, cooperage, furniture, interior finish, and caskets. In landscape use. the species is considered invasive and fruits cause a mess on walks and driveways. For this reason, only fruitless cultivars are recommended. Differentiating White Mulberry When compared to red mulberry, the white mulberry has several key differences:Size: Smaller, at 40 feet tall and 40 foot spreadBranches: Less dense with fewer branchesLeaf: Brighter green, smoother, and more rounded with uneven basesTrunk and Bark: Brown with thick and braiding ridgesFlower and Buds: Centered budsFruit: Less sweet, smaller, and lighter in color, with creamy brownish white berries that start as green, purple, or even black; only females bear fruit Red and White Mulberry Hybrids Red mulberry hybridizes frequently with white mulberry, which has become naturalized and somewhat more common than its native sister throughout parts of the Eastern United States.

5 Ways to Stay Motivated in Distance Learning

Evolution And Evolution Of Evolution - 2356 Words

For centuries humans have been left wondering how they were made and where they came from. Many found hope in the name of god. They had no choice to believe that they were created by god, different cultures having their own beliefs and ideas. However, in the modern era there is a different ideology, people have started to think logically and science has come a long way. It is now believed that evolution has resulted in the changes on planet Earth and human kind was not just simply created by a ‘God’. What is evolution? What was Charles Darwin’s contribution to ideas about evolution? Biological evolution is the descent of organisms with modifications. Simply, the central idea of evolution is that all life forms which exist as of now or had†¦show more content†¦Gradualism o New species are not created suddenly, but gradually 5. Natural Selection o Change happens mainly through variation between individuals, therefore some modifications give the specific specie extra survival probability Darwin considered all these theories as part of one grand idea at the time, as he thought that they all occur together at the same time. How was it possible to prove all these theories? Well there have been a lot of evidence left over for scientists to observe. What are fossils? One of the most helpful forms of evidence are fossils. Fossils are the remains of past life which have been preserved in rocks, soil or amber over a long period of time. They are the remains of hard parts of organisms, mainly bones and shells. There are four types of fossils: FIgure 1: A tablet displaying Trace Fossils 1. Trace Fossils These fossils are the preserved evidence of an animals activity or certain behavior, rather than any actual remains of the organism. 2. Fossils with organic material preserved As animals are deceased and degraded over time, some remains can undergo a variety of changes during fossilization; therefore some organic matter can be preserved in the fossil. 3. Mineralized fossils Such fossils are formed when organic matter in remains is gradually replaced with different types of minerals, eventually converting them into remains such as ‘rocks’. 4. Impression

Mobile Technologies Knowledge and Society

Question: Discuss about the Mobile Technologies Knowledge and Society. Answer: Introduction QR code, also known as Quick Response Code, is identified as a two dimensional matrix barcode. The concept of this was seen to be first initiated for automotive industry in Japan. This particular code is seen to use optical label, which contains necessary information about the item, which is seen to be attached. As the implementation of the code became popular, some of the other applications of the code were observed in general marketing, product tracking, item identification, time tracking and document management. The purpose of the report is to see the relevant marketing opportunities and discuss about how the other forms of the interactive content or information may be developed. Stages of the consumer decision?making process where QR codes can be of particular relevance Every marketer needs to decide certain parameters to figure out the factors, which are related to identify the personal consumption process. The five stages of the consumer decision-making process have been identified in form of need recognition, searching for the information, which has been gathered. Third process of the consumer decision-making process involves evaluating the alternatives, deciding the Actual Purchase of the Product or the Service and evaluation of the post purchasing decisions (Managementstudyguide.com. 2017). Based on the consumer decision-making process the application of the QR code is seen to applicable in first stage while evaluating the need of the actual buying of the product or service. The rationale for the application in the fifth stage of evaluation of the post purchasing decisions has been seen in terms of offering additional services. These can be seen in form of providing additional information on the various types of the products purchased by the consumers. This example drawn from McDonalds such as showing the nutritional value is seen to be present in the fifth stage of the consumer decision-making process. Marketing opportunities with QR codes in the service sector and using relevant examples The various types of the marketing opportunities with the QR code has been seen to be evident in form of the building a responsive customer base and forming various types of the communities which are seen to be contributing for the overall growth in the business (Korhan 2017). Some of the examples of the application of the technology in the relevant sectors have been shown below as follows: Retail Sector Customers are able to scan a QR code and look for product specifications. It can also used for reviewing the products. Some of the well-known companies to implement the same has been identified in terms of Nordstorm, Rebecca Minkoff, Top Shop, Walgreens and (Amazon Umbel. 2017). Financial Sector The adoption of QR code in the finance sector has been seen in improving the ease and convenience in making payments through mobile. For instance- Toyota Financial Services has introduced QR codes on billing statements (Staff 2013). Health Services In health care services, the implementation of this technology enables quick booking of an appointment with the doctor. Public Sector Transport In several cities such as Austin and Texas public transport has introduced QR code where the travelers can scan the QR code to find the running time of the buses along with a map for each bus which will arriving at the stop (Qrdecoder.net. 2017). Bypassing of multiple layers of distribution and support marketing in service sectors In the given case study it has been shown how company such as Gallerie has streamlined their operations by offering the customers to search for the information associated to recipes, health related issues and ingredients. Some of the instant benefit of incorporation of such technology can be seen in terms of reducing the advertising costs, forming of a community and integrate the same in the various types of the social media platforms such as twitter and Facebook. Some of the main advantages seen in terms of the distribution of the product have been identified in form of easy tracking, thereby providing several benefits in terms of the distribution cycle (VCCircle 2017). Relevance of perceived risk of products within the services sector The QR codes are linked to the relevant service. Such as in, ad magazines the consumers are able scan the QR code for a particular product get a detailed specification. In this way, the consumers are able to get the specific details about the features of the product and perceiving the risk associated. Some of the main advantages of this have been seen in terms of comparing the product features, warranty benefits and product pricing. In terms of the wine purchases, the implementation of QR code has been seen in terms of wine purchase decision. The technology of the QR code has influenced in negotiating the consumers for complex purchase process. Various types of research results have been able to suggest that the application of the QR code has influenced the wine purchasing decisions (Aijcrnet.com. 2017). It has been further observed that the consumers that consider themselves as wine connoisseurs are interested in wine that is produced locally, organically, or sustainably are more li kely to employ technology in their wine purchase decision. The main theory of the service marketing is observed in terms of the considerations theory. The consumers are able to simplify the overall purchasing decision by using the QR technology (Watson, McCarthy and Rowley 2013). Other forms of interactive content and/ information which may be developed to support service operations and customer satisfaction in the future Some of the various types of the other interactive process for the supporting the service operations and customer satisfaction in the future has been seen in terms of upgrading of the present services. For example, the services provided by the online television companies and internet radio can offer upgrade facility to the consumers by using of QR codes. This will also enable their decision for the upgrading of the service by a single click of a button (Cata, Patel and Sakaguchi 2013). Some of the other benefits have been further seen in terms of the providing the support services, in terms of after sales services. The provisions provided for the after sales services can be directly be seen in terms providing the consumers with the options to book for a service appointment. Some of the other benefits has been identified in terms of the various types of the suggestions offered for the improvement in the overall services offered by the feedback provided (Ryu 2013). Conclusion The discussions of the report have been able to show how the theories of the service marketing can be used in QR code technology implementation. The main advantages of the study have been further identified in terms of the first and the fifth stage of the consumer decision-making process. The study has been further able to show the various types of the advantages in retail, financial services, health services, public sector utilize and transport. Some of the other benefits has been identified in terms of reducing the advertising costs, forming of a community and integrate the same in the various types of the social media platforms such as twitter and Facebook. Some of the other discussions have been able to state on the relevance of perceived risk of products within the services sectors. Reference List Aijcrnet.com. (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.aijcrnet.com/journals/Vol_4_No_5_May_2014/5.pdf [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Cata, T., Patel, P.S. and Sakaguchi, T., 2013. QR code: A new opportunity for effective mobile marketing.Journal of Mobile Technologies, Knowledge and Society,2013, p.1. Korhan, J. (2017).How QR Codes Can Grow Your Business : Social Media Examiner. [online] Socialmediaexaminer.com. Available at: https://www.socialmediaexaminer.com/how-qr-codes-can-grow-your-business/ [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Lorenzi, D., Vaidya, J., Chun, S., Shafiq, B. and Atluri, V., 2014. Enhancing the government service experience through QR codes on mobile platforms.Government Information Quarterly,31(1), pp.6-16. Managementstudyguide.com. (2017).Stages in Consumer Decision Making Process. [online] Available at: https://www.managementstudyguide.com/consumer-decision-making-process.htm [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Qrdecoder.net. (2017).QR Codes in Transportation - QRDecoder.net. [online] Available at: https://www.qrdecoder.net/qr-codes/qr-codes-in-transportation.php [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Ryu, J.S., 2013. Mobile marketing communications in the retail environment: a comparison of QR code users and non-users.International Journal of Mobile Marketing,8(2), pp.19-29. Staff, V. (2013).QR Code Adoption Use in the Financial Services Industry. [online] Blog.vyasystems.com. Available at: https://blog.vyasystems.com/blog/qr-code-adoption-use-in-the-financial-services-industry# [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Umbel. (2017).13 Retail Companies Using Data to Revolutionize Online Offline Shopping Experiences. [online] Available at: https://www.umbel.com/blog/retail/13-retail-companies-already-using-data-revolutionize-shopping-experiences/ [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. VCCircle. (2017).Financial services sector to benefit from enhanced expenditure. [online] Available at: https://www.vccircle.com/financial-services-sector-benefit-enhanced-expenditure/ [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Watson, C., McCarthy, J. and Rowley, J., 2013. Consumer attitudes towards mobile marketing in the smart phone era.International Journal of Information Management,33(5), pp.840-849.

Classical Music Essays - Chants, Catholic Music, Medieval Music

Classical Music Classical Music, popular term for the Western tradition of art music that began in Europe in the Middle Ages and continues today. It includes symphonies, chamber music, opera, and other serious, artistic music. More narrowly, the "classical" style refers to the work of the Viennese classical school, a group of 18th-century composers that includes Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven, which is the epitome of what is called classical music. Choral Music, music sung by a group of people, using two or more singers to perform each musical line. The term part-song is used for vocal music having one singer for each part. Choral music is written for choruses, or choirs, consisting either of adults, children, or both. Although complex genres of choral music developed in Western music, part-singing practices were also established in folk, tribal, and non-Western cultures. Such singing often accompanies manual labor, expresses joy or sorrow, or forms a part of religious ritual. Among the world's many singing traditions are the polyphonic (multipart), polyrhythmic choruses of African music; the relaxed harmonies found in the Alpine and northern Slavic areas of Europe; the tense-voiced women's canons of the Balkans; the unison choral singing that sometimes accompanies an Indonesian gamelan orchestra; and the unison and polyphonic choruses of Oceania. In ancient Greece, religious feelings were expressed in drama by a chorus. Although the chorus members?like those of modern opera?were dancers and actors as well as singers, the term chorus eventually came to indicate only singers. Chant, unaccompanied sung melody, the rhythms and melodic contours of which are closely tied to the spoken rhythms and inflections of the text. Chant texts can be either sacred or secular, but the term usually refers to sacred liturgical music. Chant has been used in religious ceremonies since ancient times. In terms of present-day chant styles in the Western world, the most important of the early repertories is Jewish liturgical chant, or cantillation (see Jewish Music). The early Christian church borrowed not only its modes, or scales, but also some Hebrew melodies and melodic fragments. Most of the texts in Christian chant are taken from or based on the Psalms, a biblical book shared by Jews and Christians. Several types of Christian chant, which is often called plainsong, developed during the first 1000 years of the Christian era. A repertory called Ambrosian chant developed at Milan, Italy; named after St. Ambrose, it is still used in some Roman Catholic services in Milan. In Spain, until about the 11th century, there was a chant repertory called Mozarabic chant, named after the Mozarab Christians who lived in Arab-dominated Spain during the Middle Ages. Today Mozarabic chant survives in a few Spanish cathedrals. Until the 9th century, France had its own chant repertory, called Gallican chant; a few traces of it remain today in the Gregorian repertory. In Rome a separate repertory developed that eventually spread throughout Europe and superseded the others. It is now called Gregorian chant after Pope Gregory I, known as the Great, who was active in collecting Roman chants, having them assigned specific places within the liturgy, and seeing that they were adopted by churches in other cities and countries. Today about 3000 different Gregorian melodies are known. The Eastern Christian churches developed several types of chant before AD 1000, variants of which are still used. The Armenian, Byzantine, Russian, Greek, and Syrian repertories are the most important. Many of the original melodies in these repertories were incorporated into the Gregorian repertory. Among Protestant denominations only the Church of England has encouraged an extensive use of chant; its repertory, which is harmonized, is called Anglican chant.

guernica essays

guernica essays On April 27th, 1937, unprecedented atrocities are perpetrated on behalf of Franco against the civilian population of a little Basque village of Guernica in northern Spain. Chosen for bombing practice by Hitler's new war machine, the little city is pounded with high explosives and incendiary bombs for over three hours. Townspeople are cut down as they run from the crumbling buildings. Guernica burns for three days. Sixteen hundred civilians are killed or wounded. This powerful painting captures Picasso's horror at the brutal destruction that man commits against man. This monumental work tells the story. Guernica, painted by Pablo Picasso in 1937, is a cubist work depicting the evils of war. It is clear that Picasso abhorred war, and all its aggregates. The mural stands eleven feet tall and is twenty-six feet in length. The immense size of this painting aids in portraying the monumental effect of war on the people of Spain. Using a monochromatic template, Picasso adds to this effect by creating an eerie and dark mood to reflect the tragedy of war. He uses only grays in his painting, and includes areas of only black and white. Picasso deliberately distorts the proportion of the animals and figures he has created. They look almost like something from a nightmare. When I see this painting I look from left to right, seeing first an image of a woman mourning the loss of her newborn baby. Above her is the head of a bull, representing Spain. As I pan across the work, a horse trampling the body of a fallen warrior is shown. A ghost it seems holds a candle to light the scene, but light only shines to the right. Following the light is a woman struggling to walk. To the far right is a person screaming at the end of a dark hall. Picasso has drawn teeth-like figures on the hall to give it the appearance of a mouth. As I look at this painting, I feel I get a real sense of war. It seems that you could look for hours and still have more to see. ...

Personal Computers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal Computers - Essay Example From the time we wake up in the morning, until the time we go to bed, computers direct and assist our life. Personal computers today come in various forms – there are the desktops, the laptops, and the palmtops and if that was not enough, even cell phones can be used as personal computers. A computer in every home has changed the way people communicate. People wake up by the alarm that rings from the cell phones and even before they are out of bed, they check the emails on the cell phone itself. In Japan, people describe the cell phone as an extension of themselves (Faiola, 2004). Fifty-five percent of the population in Japan has signed up for internet access from their cellular phones. On the way to work, they answer all their emails. Cell phone is now a way of life, as they link it to their home-office PC, download music, use it to access information, read newspaper and even read novels. They use it to watch the TV programs, navigate the streets with the built-in GPS system, scan bar-coded information, get e-coupons for discounts on food and entertainment, and pay bills. They use it at school too by emailing the questions to the professors in the classroom. The professors answer them orally. The Japanese are so skilled at writing emails on cell phones, that they find it simpler than using computer keyboards. Computer technology is used in everyday lesson plans at the Highland Middle School (Horace). A SMART board, or a dry-erase board, when teamed with the projector becomes a touch-screen computer monitor that the whole class can see. The operator’s fingers act as the mouse and as soon as the board is touched, signal is sent back to the computer. This way they can browse the internet, make interactive presentations, and write on the screen. At The Pennsylvania State University, emails have replaced letters, telephone calls and memorandum as the preferred means of communication (Auguston, 2002). Learning occurs in classrooms, labs, libraries, residence

Da Vinci and the Modern Female Portait Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Da Vinci and the Modern Female Portait - Essay Example Renaissance art portrayal is a naturalistic reflection of realities that is recent in terms of discovery, rather than just framed myths and gender-based constructions. Leonardo’s art portrayal was regarded as abnormal in social terms. He presented through art, a view of female sex, which was culturally abnormal in the patriarchy of his day. To them, a woman is an intelligent being, and therefore biologically equals half of human species. Earliest portraits preserved by Leonardo, referred to as Ginevra de’Benci, done in the late 1470s, puts forth a fundamentally new female age. It portrays a sitter posed in a three-quarter view and it engages the eye of the observer. Portraits done by Northern Renaissance painters indicates a preoccupation with realism and having a precise detail of physiognomy and the costume. This kind of approach is a characteristic of panels by the Flemish masters Rogier van der Weydan and Hans Memling (Victoria 100) High Middle Ages evolution of portraiture reached its crescendo in the fifteenth century. This was the period during which greatest masters of artistic illusionism begun to appear in Europe. Italian Renaissance painters discovered the use of textural properties of oil painting. Leonardo da Vinci was famous for his portraits that were life-like in their realism. He used to learn entirely from nature and science to make his paintings look real. He drew and took many notes from observation, since he believed that it is the basis of knowledge. Leonardo was among the first Italian Renaissance to use the three-quarter pose instead of the popular profile. His subjects had unique facial expressions that challenged viewers. The new technique he invented-chiaroscuro and sfumato, also brought his subjects to life (Patrick McDonnell 56) Rogier van der Weyden transcends the concept of naturalism formal or informal,

Humanistic and Psychodynamic Essay Example for Free

Humanistic and Psychodynamic Essay Abraham Harold Maslow- Humanistic Approach Humanistic is the psychology study of how the human works as a whole. This studies the uniqueness of the person through their behaviour. Rather than just observing the humans behaviour, humanistic psychologists try to study the humans behaviour first person rather than just observing. Meaning they try to understand the situation and the emotional feelings the person is going through for them to have that specific type of behaviour, they try to understand the behaviour of the person by looking at it from their perspective. Humanistic is a way of thinking and is an ability to solve our own personal problems. This meaning to focus on our own perspectives, experiences, thoughts, self-image and feelings to understand an individual. People can be capable of self-development and their own self-improvement. We have our own choices on what we choose to do and how we chose to take out this option. We chose how we want to behave and whether it’s right or wrong i.e. breaking the law. An individual chosen whether they want to break the law, knowing full well of the consequences. This is called free will; we have the right to choose what we want to do and how we want to behave. The court of law follows this principle because you know whether you have done right or wrong and there is no one to blame, except yourself, because you chose to behave that way. Abraham Harold Maslow was the first psychologist to create the ‘human hierarchy of needs’ which explains the different level that an individual has to move from throughout life. This hierarchy changes from one level to another and each level has its own specific needs. Most psychologist before Maslow had been concerned with the abnormal and the ill, he convinced and persuaded people to start acknowledging people’s basic needs before addressing them as having higher needs or being ill. Firstly on Maslow’s hierarchy he started with the basic needs of a person such as food, water, sleep etc. then lead to the physical needs of an individual. The highest needs of an individual are ‘self-actualization’ which is realising who you are as an individual and knowing your own moti vations. Not many people get to the self-actualization for many reasons, being that they didn’t get through the different levels of the hierarchy or because they think that they can skip the rest of the  levels, thinking that they know their own self-fulfilment etc. These hierarchies have five different levels of needs. Maslow’s level of human needs started with physiological which is basic survival, understanding the function of the living organism. Which is what an individual needs, their basic needs i.e. water, sleep, breathing and sex. Then safety which is basic need again and feeling secure. For example, freedom from danger, risks or injuries whether at employment, home or doing everyday activities. Love and belonging is the next need which is the emotional level/need. Meaning to understand what love is and what it feels like to belong, dependent on being part of a family or understanding what it is like to love through friendship or sexual relationships. Esteem is the fo urth need, which is respect and recognition. Understanding what your personal goals are in life and what you can achieve throughout life dependent on yourself respect and respect for one another. The final level is self-actualization which is what makes you who you are as an individual, realise your own potentials in life. Also, realising your own self-fulfilment and person growth from peak experiences. Everyone as an own personal desire to move up the hierarchy table towards self-actualization, although their progress is often disruptive by failing to meet the low level needs. As an example if someone doesn’t show love or feel loved then they won’t be able to succeed through the love and belonging section, if they’re brought up in an abusive home this would affect the low level safety so they would be decreasing in the levels. Only remarkable people are most likely to reach the highest level, self-actualization. Maslow’s theory was the best type of motivation for an individual, he proposed he hierar chy of needs in his paper â€Å"a theory of Human Motivation†. Hans J Eysenck and Otto Gross approach to Psychodynamic Hans is a psychologist famous for his work on intelligence and personality. Eysenck claims that Freudian theories can be falsified, also Gross claims that Freud’s theories are scientific but have been proven wrong so which he say is simply â€Å"bad science†. Psychoanalyst tends to only accept YAVIS patients for treatment, YAVIS means young, attractive, verbal, intelligent and successful. This is because YAVIS patients are more likely to recover rather than mentally unstable patients. When the criticism of frauds approach happened was because Gross and Freud were in a disagreement on the  subjects of repression, sublimation and perversion. The meaning of repression is to control and resist what you would want. Sublimation is doing things in an acceptable and respectful manner and perversion is far from normal for example being abnormal. They disagreed on Freud’s theory because they believe that the patients should be capable of feelings and having their freedom also they shouldn’t be forced to do something that they do not want to do. Both psychologists argued that Freud got too involved and attached with his patients because Freud was there 7 days a week. Sigmund Freud, Psychodynamic Approach to Psychology Freud was the founder of psychodynamic approach to psychology; this is because he created a new approach to understanding how the human works and the human individual personality. Freud’ theory was the conscious and unconscious mind, he believed that behaviour and personality derives from the constant and unique interaction of conflicting psychological forces that operate at three different levels of awareness. The three different levels are conscious mind, preconscious mind and unconscious mind. Conscious mind includes everything that we are aware, every single moment. Preconscious mind represents ordinary memory. Unconscious mind reservoirs our feelings, thoughts, urge and memories that are outside out conscious awareness. The theory of the conscious and unconscious mind is done to show our feelings, motives and decisions which are actually influenced by previous/past experiences, which are stored in the pre-conscious and instincts from the unconscious. Freud later made a structural model of the mind which was called ID, EGO and SUPEREGO. The ID, EGO and SUPEREGO link to the conscious, pre-conscious and unconscious mind. ID is the unconscious, EGO is the conscious and SUPEREGO is the pre-conscious and unconscious mind. Although these are not physical areas within the brain they’re the process of important mental functions. Explanation of each stage is; ID is driven by pleasure principles which strive us for immediate needs and desires, meaning that the person would be wanting things. Although the ID will try to resolve the tension created by pleasure. EGO and SUPEREGO, EGO is something that is developed through ID in the early stages of life, EGO is the component of your personality that deals with reality whereas SUPEREGO is developed a little later as it controls your guilt. For example, if someone wanted a  new pair of shoes ID would kick in because the desire to have them shoes would rise, whereas EGO would have to face reality and realise that you might not have the money to get the shoes then SUPEREGO controls the guilt so then you would start regretting buying the shoes if for instants a family relatives birthday was coming up and now you don’t have the money. EGO works on a reality principle meaning that it wants to please the ID but in a socially and realistic way, which some people deem as unacceptable. The reality principle contemplates the positive and negatives of an action depending on what it decides, it will either act upon the decision or completely abandon it. SUPEREGO is the basic rules and standards for good behaviour. The behaviours included would be those approved by parents and those in authority. The SUPEREGO goal is to improve and civilize our behaviour; it tries to supress all the unacceptable urges that come from the ID. Fraud’ theory claims that the key to a healthy personality is a balance between the ID, EGO and SUPEREGO. Carl Ransom Rogers, Self-Actualization Again, the humanistic approach is how we look at an individual as a whole observing their behaviour and personality. Rogers was a psychotherapist, which is someone who treats people with mental disorders through psychology rather than medical means. After years of work, Rogers compiled the Self-actualization theory which is the realisation of fulfilment of one’s talents and potentials. Rogers says that people have two basic needs which are positive regard and self-worth. Positive regard is a sense of acceptance from other people and self-worth is feeling adequate. Our feelings of self-worth are important both to psychological health and we can achieve goals and ambitions in life to achieve self-actualization. Rogers’s theory is that the individual is responsible for their own happiness and should not look towards others for it. He believed that a person is born with the desire to be and achieve the best they possibly can. Rogers’s overall theory is about feeling good and mentally healthy therefore meaning a person is cable of resolving their own problems without looking towards others. His therapy was ineffective to those who were unconfident, unhappy and had a lack of self-esteem. So he studied on clients opposite to this, clients who were confident, happy and have a high level of self-esteem. His theory was known as ‘Rogerian Counselling’ which was only effective on healthy minded  people which means it did not work on mental and physically damaged clients this only increased emotional problems such as depression, also the theory was more successful on children and young people. The theory key was communication, if the client wasn’t fully communicating with Rogers it would not work, this proved the therapy ineffective to people with phobias. In conclusion Rogers theory of self-actualization teaches people to become self-sufficient upon their own actions rather than seeking it from other people. This proved that people naturally desire to be accepted regardless of what they do, however the majority of people will only accept them dependent on whether or not they want to. Rogers self-actualization tries to help people understand their full potential and what they can achieve, also seek happiness for themselves without looking towards others for it. His theory helps people become more happier about themselves rather than looking for acceptance and happiness from others.

Flannery OConnor: A Twentieth Century Fiction Writer Essay -- essays r

There has been a significant amount critical analysis written about Flannery O'Connor's short stories and novels. There is a significant amount critical analysis about Flannery O'Connor because she used so many styles that have not been used before. Flannery O'Connor ranks among he most important American fiction writers of the twentieth century. Flannery O'Connor was born in 1925 in Savannah, Georgia, and lived there until her family moved in 1938. O'Connor and her family moved to a small Georgia farming town named Milledgeville. When Flannery was 15 years old her died father of a disease to the immune system known as lupus erythematosus. O'Connor attended Georgia State College for Women after graduating from Peabody High School in 1942. While at Georgia State College for Women, O'Connor provided illustrations for the school newspaper and yearbook. In the fall of 1949, Miss O'Connor moved to a home Connecticut where she boarded with her two friends, Sally and Robert Fitzgerald. After one year of hard work O'Connor produced her first novel entitled Wise Blood. During this one year, O'Connor and the Fitzgeralds grew closer together as she became the godmother of the Fitzgerald's 2 third child. Later that year, O'Connor reported to the Fitzgeralds a "heaviness" in her typing arms. O'Connor was later diagnosed with lupus erythematosus, the same disease that killed her father. Flannery O'Connor moved back to Georgia to live with her mother on a dairy farm near Mille...

Christina Rossetti Essay

   So this gives the cottage maiden some comfort that she knows this and he does not, it therefore gives her power over him and her cousin Kate. The narrator tells us what she would have said and done to the Lord if she had been in Kate’s position. There is loyalty in the narrator when she says she would have â€Å"spit in his face and not have taken his hand. † Whether she would really have acted like this, we do not know, but the reader is made to believe that she wishes cousin Kate had done that, perhaps showing a hint of jealousy. The beginning of the poem is in past tense, â€Å"I was a cottage maiden. † The narrator is looking back, at this point, to what her life was like before she had met the Lord. This poem at no point refers to the feelings of Cousin Kate or the Lord. The narrator in â€Å"The Seduction† seems extremely distraught about her pregnancy. She rips up all her â€Å"My Guy and her Jackie photo-comics† and breaks the heels of the high white shoes which she had worn that night. To the reader, it seems like she is trying to destroy the memories and what happened the night of the party. The girl realises that she is â€Å"truly frightened† and â€Å"cheated† by the promises only tacitly made in her comics. The comics show pictures of girls that are happy with their boyfriends, and stories that tell the teenage readers that everything will work itself out. The girl at the beginning of the story goes out of her way to look beautiful, to be more mature and grown up. Whereas now that she is pregnant, she does not wish to grow up, she wants to stay â€Å"innocent†. The girl looks back on her life before she met the boy, and tells the reader what her life could have been like. She talks about day trips to Blackpool and â€Å"jumping all the rides†, now that she was pregnant she could not do either of these. â€Å"She cried that she had missed all the innocence around her† because having this baby would change her life, she would have to grow up quicker and so miss all the fun teenage years. The narrator talks about ways she thinks would be better to ruin her life than having a baby. She believes that it would be better to smoke â€Å"scented drugs† and â€Å"starve yourself, like a sick, precocious child† than to be in the â€Å"feminine void† of pregnancy. The narrator is obviously extremely distressed about her situation; the reader is made to believe that she has not yet told her parents or even the boy of the pregnancy. Many things in â€Å"Cousin Kate† make it recognisable as having being written in the Victorian era. The obvious one is the archaic language used, â€Å"Woe’s me for joy thereof† is a perfect example. In modern day English it can be translated to mean â€Å"How sad I am that I was joyful about it. † The people described in the poem are also a clue to the era in which it was written, there is a Lord and a cottage maiden. Also the way the neighbours react to a pregnancy out of wedlock, nowadays this is quite common. The narrator was â€Å"not mindful [she] was fair. † This is an old way of saying she did not know she was pretty, whereas the girl in â€Å"The Seduction† went out of her way the make herself look beautiful. This is also a difference between the attitudes of Victorian girls and girls of the 20th Century. The expression â€Å"little slag† used in â€Å"The Seduction† is also very common for its era, whereas the curse words in the era of â€Å"Cousin Kate† would be less abusive and harsh. A peculiar rhyme scheme is used in â€Å"Cousin Kate†. Every other line in each stanza rhymes, whereas the rhyme scheme in â€Å"The Seduction† is not bound to a rule. In some stanzas, the second and forth lines rhyme, but in others, the first, third and fourth lines rhyme. The setting of the poems also shows the reader the time the poem was set. â€Å"Cousin Kate† lived in a cottage and worked â€Å"among the rye†. â€Å"The Seduction† is set at a friends party and also by â€Å"The Mersey, green as a septic wound. † The filth and dirt of the location mirrors the way the boy treats her and the way the girl feels afterwards. Things about at the two poems which are no different despite the gap of nearly a century and a half between them are the position the girls are in. They are both either pregnant or have a baby, both of the fathers do not love the girls. The girls both loved the males at the time although in someway regret what they did. There are boy problems involved even though the men in the poems were of a different class; in ‘Cousin Kate’ the man was a very upper class lord whereas the man in ‘The seduction’ was working class ‘He spat into the river, fumbled in a bag’. These poems both contain different aspects of deceit. â€Å"Cousin Kate† because of the Lord leaving her for the younger cousin, and â€Å"The Seduction† because of the lies in the girls comics. Hayley Beynon 10G1 Page 1 Mr Jagger Hayley Beynon 10G1 Mr Jagger Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE JRR Tolkien section.

Biography of Louis Farrakhan, Nation of Islam Leader

Minister  Louis Farrakhan (born May 11, 1933) is one of the most controversial public figures in the United States. While scandal has brought down a number of leaders, Farrakhan has managed to remain a somewhat influential force in American politics, race relations, and religion. Learn more about the life of the Nation of Islam leader and how he’s remained relevant in an increasingly divided America. Fast Facts: Louis Farrakhan Known For: Civil rights activist, minister, leader of the Nation of Islam (1977–present)Born: May 11, 1933 in the Bronx, New York CityParents: Sarah Mae Manning (Mae) and Percival ClarkeEducation: Winston-Salem State University, The English High SchoolPublished Works: A Torchlight for AmericaSpouse: KhadijahChildren: 9 Early Years Like so many notable Americans, Louis Farrakhan grew up in an immigrant family. He was born on May 11, 1933, in the Bronx, New York City.  Both of his parents immigrated to the United States from the Caribbean. His mother Sarah Mae Manning came from the island of St. Kitts, while his father Percival Clark was from Jamaica. In 1996, Farrakhan said his father, who reportedly had Portuguese heritage, may have been Jewish. Scholar and historian Henry Louis Gates called Farrakhan’s claim credible, since Iberians in Jamaica tend to have Sephardic Jewish ancestry. Because the Jewish community has often accused Farrakhan of being an anti-Semite, his claims about his father’s ancestry are remarkable, if true. Farrakhan’s birth name, Louis Eugene Walcott, reveals the discord in his parents’ relationship. Farrakhan said his father’s philandering had driven his mother into the arms of a man named Louis Wolcott, with whom she had a child and for whom she converted to Islam. She planned to start a new life with Wolcott, but briefly reconciled with Clark, resulting in an unplanned pregnancy. Manning repeatedly tried to abort the pregnancy, according to Farrakhan, but eventually gave up on termination. When the child arrived, with light skin and curly, auburn hair, Wolcott knew the baby wasn’t his and he left Manning. That didn’t stop her from naming the child â€Å"Louis† after him. But Farrakhan’s real father didn’t play an active role in his life either, he said. His mother remained a stable influence. A music lover, she exposed him to the violin. He didn’t immediately take interest in the instrument. â€Å"I [eventually] fell in love with the instrument,† he recalled, â€Å"and I was driving her crazy because now I would go in the bathroom to practice because it had a sound like you’re in a studio and so people couldn’t get in the bathroom because Louis was in the bathroom practicing.† He said that by age 12, he played well enough to perform  with the Boston civic symphony, the Boston College orchestra, and its glee club. In addition to playing the violin, Farrakhan sang well. In 1954, using the name â€Å"The Charmer,† he even recorded the hit single â€Å"Back to Back, Belly to Belly,† a cover of  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Jumbie Jamboree.† A year before the recording, Farrakhan married his wife Khadijah.  They went on to have nine children together. Nation of Islam The musically inclined Farrakhan managed to use his talents  in the service of Nation of Islam. While performing, he attended a meeting of the group, which Elijah Muhammad started in 1930 in Detroit. As a leader, Muhammad sought a separate state for African-Americans and endorsed racial segregation. Prominent NOI leader Malcolm X persuaded Farrakhan to join the group. Farrakhan did just that, only a year after recording his hit single. Initially, Farrakhan was known as Louis X and he wrote the song â€Å"A White Man’s Heaven Is a Black Man’s Hell† for the Nation. Eventually, Muhammad gave Farrakhan the surname he’s famous for today. Farrakhan rapidly rose through the ranks of the group. He assisted Malcolm X at the group’s Boston mosque and assumed his superior’s role when Malcolm left Boston to preach in Harlem. Malcolm X In 1964, ongoing tensions with Muhammad led Malcolm X to leave the Nation. After his departure, Farrakhan essentially took his place, deepening his relationship with Muhammad. In contrast, Farrakhan and Malcolm X’s relationship grew strained when the latter criticized the group and its leader. Specifically, Malcolm X told the world that Mohammad had fathered children with many of his teenage secretaries. Malcolm X considered him a hypocrite since NOI preached against extramarital sex.  But Farrakhan considered Malcolm X a traitor for divulging this news to the public. Two months before Malcolm’s assassination in Harlem’s Audubon Ballroom on Feb. 21, 1965, Farrakhan said of him, â€Å"such a man is worthy of death.† When police arrested three NOI members for assassinating 39-year-old Malcolm X, many wondered if Farrakhan played a role in the murder. Farrakhan admitted that his harsh words about Malcolm X likely  Ã¢â‚¬Å"helped create the atmosphere† for the killing. â€Å"I may have been complicit in words that I spoke leading up to February 21,† Farrakhan told Malcolm X’s daughter Atallah Shabazz and  Ã¢â‚¬Å"60 Minutes† correspondent Mike Wallace in 2000. â€Å"I acknowledge that and regret that any word that I have said caused the loss of life of a human being.† A 6-year-old Shabazz saw the shooting, along with her siblings and mother. She thanked Farrakhan for taking some responsibility but said she did not forgive him. â€Å"He’s never admitted this before publicly,†Ã‚  she said.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Until now, he’s never caressed my father’s children. I thank him for acknowledging his culpability and I wish him peace.† Malcolm X’s widow, the late Betty Shabazz, had accused Farrakhan of having a hand in the assassination. She seemingly made amends with him in 1994, when her daughter Qubilah faced charges, later dropped, for an alleged plot to kill him. NOI Splinter Group Eleven years after Malcolm X’s killing, Elijah Muhammad died. It was 1975, and the group’s future appeared uncertain. Muhammad had left his son Warith Deen Mohammad in charge. The younger Muhammad wanted to turn NOI into a more conventionally Muslim group called the American Muslim Mission. (Malcolm X had also embraced traditional Islam after leaving the NOI.) Warith  Deen Mohammad  also rejected his father’s separatist teachings. But Farrakhan disagreed with this vision and left the group to start a version of NOI that aligned with Elijah Muhammad’s philosophy. He also started The Final Call newspaper to publicize his group’s beliefs. Farrakhan got involved with politics as well. Previously, NOI told members to refrain from political involvement, but Farrakhan decided to endorse the Rev. Jesse Jackson’s 1984 bid for president. Both the NOI and Jackson’s civil rights group, Operation PUSH, were based on Chicago’s South Side. Fruit of Islam, part  of NOI,  even guarded Jackson during his campaign. Jesse Jackson â€Å"I believe that Rev. Jackson’s candidacy has lifted the seal forever from the thinking of black people, particularly black youth,† Farrakhan said. â€Å"Never again will our youth think that all they can be is singers and dancers, musicians and football players and sportsmen. But through Reverend Jackson, we see that we can be theoreticians, scientists, and whatnot. For that one thing he did alone, he would have my vote. Jackson, however, didn’t win his presidential bid in 1984 or in 1988. He  derailed his  first campaign when he referred to Jews as â€Å"Hymies† and New York City as â€Å"Hymietown,† both anti-Semitic terms, during an interview with a black Washington Post reporter. A wave of protests ensued. Initially, Jackson denied the remarks. Then he changed his tune and accused Jews of trying to sink his campaign. He later admitted making the comments and asked the Jewish community to forgive him. But he refused to part ways with Farrakhan. Farrakhan tried to defend his friend by going on the radio and threatening both the Post reporter, Milton Coleman, and Jews about their treatment of Jackson. â€Å"If you harm this brother [Jackson], it will be the last one you harm,† he said. Farrakhan reportedly called Coleman a traitor and told the African-American community to shun him. The NOI leader also faced accusations of threatening Coleman’s life. â€Å"One day soon we will punish you with death,† Farrakhan remarked. Afterward, he denied threatening Coleman. Million Man March Although Farrakhan has long faced accusations of anti-Semitism and has criticized black civic groups such as the NAACP, he’s managed to stay relevant in a changing America. On Oct. 16, 1995, for example, he organized the historic Million Man March on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Civil rights leaders, including Rosa Parks, Jackson, and Shabazz, gathered at the event designed for young African-American men to ponder the pressing issues affecting the black community. According to some estimates, about a half-million people turned out for the march. Other estimates report a crowd as large as 2 million. In any case, there’s no doubt that a massive crowd gathered for the occasion, an impressive achievement for any organizer. The Nation of Islam’s website points out that the march challenged stereotypes of African-American men: â€Å"The world did not see thieves, criminals, and savages as usually portrayed through mainstream music, movies and other forms of media; on that day, the world saw a vastly different picture of the Black man in America. The world saw Black men demonstrating the willingness to shoulder the responsibility of improving themselves and the community. There was neither one fight nor one arrest that day. There was no smoking or drinking. The Washington Mall, where the March was held, was left as clean as it was found.† Farrakhan later organized the 2000 Million Family March. And 20 years after the Million Man March, he commemorated the landmark event. Later Years Farrakhan earned praise for the Million Man March, but just a year later he sparked controversy again. In 1996, he visited  Libya. The Libyan ruler at the time, Muammar al-Qaddafi, made a donation  to the Nation of Islam, but the federal government didn’t let Farrakhan accept the gift. Despite such incidents and a long list of inflammatory remarks, Farrakhan has won the support of  people in and outside of the black community. They applaud  NOI  for fighting against social injustice, advocating for education, and pushing back against gang violence, among other issues. The Rev. Michael L. Pfleger, a white Roman Catholic priest with a parish on Chicagos South Side, is an example. He called Farrakhan his closest adviser. â€Å"I’ve lost friends and I’ve lost support—I’ve been disinvited from places—because of my relationship with Farrakhan,† the priest told the New Yorker in 2016. But he added, I’d take a bullet for  [him and others] any day of the week.† Meanwhile, Farrakhan  continues to generate publicity for his cutting comments. Shortly after President Donald Trumps inauguration,  he called the United States  the most rotten nation on Earth. On May 2, 2019, Farrakhan was banned from Facebook and Instagram for violations of Facebook’s policies against hate speech. Sources Blow, Charles M. Million Man March, 20 Years On. New York Times, Oct. 11, 2015Bromwich, Jonah Engel. Why Louis Farrakhan Is Back in the News. New York Times, March 9, 2018.  Farrakhan, Louis, and Henry Louis Gates. Farrakhan Speaks. Transition.70 (1996): 140–67. Print.Gardell, Mattias. In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1996.Honorable Minister Louis Farrakhan. Nation of Islam.  Louis Farrakhan banned from Facebook over policies on violence, hate. Chicago Sun Times May 2, 2019.McPhail, Mark Lawrence. Passionate Intensity: Louis Farrakhan and the Fallacies of Racial Reasoning. Quarterly Journal of Speech 84.4 (1998): 416–29.