Review The Boer War History Essay

Review The Boer War History EssayThe Boer War of 1899 was a dirty minute conflict. It started as a result of cultural exasperation between the Boers (Dutch settlers) and immigrating British. At first, the war was fought with the honor typically associated with the British, but, in the end, it move nasty. siework forces Africas Cape of Good Hope was colonized in the s even outteenth century by Dutch Boers (f tree branchers). The Boers employmentd African slaves on their farms. Britain in use(p) the Cape during the Napoleonic wars and took complete control after the Congress of Vienna. slavery was abolished passim the British Empire in 1833. mevery of the Boers then stubborn that they could no longer live down the stairs British rule. They began moving northward and soon established cardinal independent republics the Transvaal and the O cast set down State. in that respect was peace between British and Boers until the Boer republics were found to be rich in diamonds and gold. Fortune hunters, mostly British, poured in to stake claims. The Dutch farmers called these plurality uitlanders (outlanders) and bitterly resented their intrusion. In 1895 the outlanders in the Transvaal planned a revolt against the Boer regimen. The British Empire, sightedness their subjects mistreated, decided to get involved. Leander Jameson, with a downcast British force, invaded the Transvaal to aid the uprising. The Jameson break was a total failure. The angered Boers, led by their president, Paul Kruger, began to arm themselves.Militarily, the conflict between Boer and British forces can be divided into two phases first, a period of Boer commando successes, quickly reversed after the arrival of the main British force in January 1900, which captured the republican seat of governments between work on and June. Then came a guerrilla phase when the Boer forces regrouped after the fall of capital of South Africa and carried on the conflict for two years before reluc tantly pass judgment peace terms from the British in whitethorn 1902 in the conformity of Pretoria. Though often called a white mans war, this conflict involved the integral population of South Africa in one way or another. Boer women and children who were evicted from farms or villages put to the torch by the British, were either sent to concentration large numbers where many an(prenominal) died from disease, or went to endure the exposure of commando life in the field. African ex-miners and farm laborers were also concentrated in camps, and drawn into labor tasks by the British ground forces. Boers raided the African reserves for food. Africans reasserted control over land and livestock previously taken by Boers, and on rare occasions attacked Boer commandos. martial law was proclaimed step by step across the firm region, and the movements of people were drastically restricted. For African scouts on the British side, or Boers caught in captured British uniforms, punishment s were swift and final, while of the 10 000 Cape Afrikaner rebels convicted of treason, a small proportion of those sentenced to death by legions courts were indeed shot. beneath Gruger*s Republic, Natal and the Cape, two of Britains colonies, were invaded in October 1899 by the Boers. They besieged a British force at Ladysmith. Other troops were pinned down at Kimberley and Mafeking. The second war, which lasted until 1902, was underway. Between September 1900 and the peace of Pretoria in May 1902, Boer commandos fought a prolonged guerrilla war against the British, who responded by putting Boer civilians in concentration camps. Then reinforcements came to the British from Canada, Australia, and New Zealand. In March 1900 Frederick sleigh Roberts, the British commander who had been the hero of the Indian mutiny, captured Bloemfontein, capital of the Orange uninvolved State. In June British forces reached Pretoria, capital of the Transvaal. The greatly outnumbered Boers continued to fight under Louis some(prenominal)a, Christiaan de Wet, and Jan Smuts. Herbert Kitchener, the new British commander in chief, then decided and last proceeded to bring the war to an end. He advanced slowly, burning farms and establishing concentration camps for Boer civilians. The camps had a high death rate, repayable largely to lack of medical exam services.The agreement of Pretoria (May 31, 1902) ended the war. The Transvaal and the Orange Free State became British colonies. Both Dutch and English were made official languages. Britain then began to re throw in the devastated farms of the Boers. The mating of South Africa was established as a self-governing dominion in 1910. The Transvaal and the Orange Free State became provinces of the Union. The first prime minister was the Boer general Louis Botha. Having lost the war, the Boers, however, won the peace. British pro-Boers had undermined the moral complacency of the victors, who decided to break generous terms to the B oers, in smart set to ensure an enduring put to work in southern Africa. This was largely at the expense of Africans (who were excluded from political phalanx group and forced to give back much land retaken from Boers during the war years). Britain utilise this decision from 1906 to 1907, by granting constitutions which gave Afrikaners political of both ex-republics with perhaps more humanity than was intended. But they did not object in 1909 when the South African content Convention opted for a constitution which ensured the retention of political power in white (predominantly Afrikaner) hands.The first attempted use of wireless telegraph in war took place during the Anglo-Boer War of 1899-1902, according to a paper to be presented by Brian Austin, University of Liverpool in England, at the conference 100 Years of piano tuner sponsored by the IEE in London Sept. 5-7. His account details the early efforts by the British Army and Navy to use the new technology, which had b een demonstrated by Guglielmo Marconi in 1896. The State Archives, located here, record that the Krugers Boer Republic placed an order for six wireless telegraphy sets from the firm Siemens and Halske on Aug. 24, 1899. The sets, which be 110 Pounds Sterling, were supposed to provide communication for the fortifications around Pretoria. They had a guaranteed range of nearly 15 kilometers and used antennas 36 meters high. However, the sets never reached Krugers forces because they were confiscated by customs duty in Cape Town. Later, British forces tried unsuccessfully to use the equipment supplied by Marconi on the arid inland plains of South Africa, possibly plagued by understanding conductivity and the lack of matching resonances of the prerequisitely quarter-wave antennas. The British Navy had more luck after installing five of the sets the army rejected in the Delagoa Bay Squadron. Successful experiments over a range of 85 kilometers were enter on April 13, 1900, and unsubst antiated claims were made for communication between Delagoa Bay and Durban, a distance of nearly 460 kilometers. Lynn Fordred, curator for the Corps of Signals Museum, said parts from the maestro equipment are in storage at the School of Signals in Heidelberg. Her look into for a book dealing with military communications in South Africa highlights the roles of personalities and the problems experienced in coming to grips with the new technology. While the British Army showed a surpassing lack of interest in wireless telegraphy after their initial failures, Fordred said the Boer forces were unexpectedly progressive in their use of telegraphy and telephone facilities, and even had a telephone exchange at a time when the British Army had none.The concentration camps were places where African and Boer women and children and Boer men unfit for service were herded together by the British army during the War. Many of these people had become homeless as a result of the annihilating tacti cs which the British army adopted in the Transvaal and Orange Free State after the last months of 1900 in order to deprive the Boer commandos the mover of subsistence and thus force their surrender. Attempts had been first made to burden the combatants with these dependents in the expect of breaking the morale of the commandos. When this proved unsuccessful, it was decided to house then on-combatants in camps. The first two of these were established, as a result of a military notice of 22 September, 1900, to protect the families of burghers who had surrendered voluntarily. As the families of combatant burghers were also dictated into these camps, they ceased to be refugee camps and acquired the concentration camp designation, as did other camps established later(prenominal) in the War. Eventually there were 50 camps, in which about 136 000 people were interned. The families were conveyed to the camps by ox-wagon, trolley or railway train usually in open coal- or cattle trucks w ithout any sanitary arrangements or they even marched on foot. No proper provision had been made for their housing. Numbers of them had at first to make shift in the open until tents were provided, or were held in the camps. Those who did not receive tents were, according to the report of the British commission of query placed, in every conceivable kind of dwelling, from a church vestry, hotel and store to a blacksmiths forge. In the opinion of the commission some of the places were hardly able for pigs. As there were insufficient blankets, clothes and other means of tax shelter, and sometimes not even beds or mattresses, the internees were exposed, especially on the Highveld of the Transvaal and the Orange F. State, to intense privations which undermined their strength, more especially in the case of the large numbers of small children. The food supplies in the camps, which were often established on badly elect sites and were dangerously overcrowded from the start, was wretche d. Not only was the food inadequate, but the quality, especially of the meat, simoleons and flour, was at first very poor, while vegetables, fruit and other essential foodstuffs were not supplied at all consequently, many of the inmates, especially children, wasted away to living skeletons within a few months. One British camp doctor felt compelled to report that, on account of the deficiency in diet the children especially become emaciated and have very little resisting power to disease. The sanitation, too, was very inefficient. No adequate provision was made for the temperament of garbage, and the latrines were so primitive that they became breeding-grounds for germs and areas of infection. So disease, particularly measles, broke out in the camps during 1901 and, as there were not enough doctors or other medical care, the death-rate became appallingly high. The climax was in October, 1901, when the figure was 326 per 1 000 per year for the Transvaal camps and 401 per 1 000 per year for those in the O.F.S. The reports of camp superintendents as well as those of Emily Hobhouse showed that this was due to the bad conditions, and there was an outcry from the whole world, including England itself. This forced the British government to order a full investigation by a deputation of prominent women, and sweeping changes were made in accordance with their recommendations. As a result of these changes, introduced toward the close of 1901, and which included great improvements in housing, sanitation, food-supply, medical attention, and protection against cold, the death-rate immediately dropped and by March 1902, was back to normal. Altogether, approximately 27 927 persons died in the camps 1 676 mainly elderly men, 4 177 women and 22 074 children under 16. An apart(p) Boer General wrote the following in his diary. The terrible prospectthat the continuation of the war would in that manner eradicate our whole generation, was one of the main reasons why the Boers ceased battle and acknowledged defeat. It left a deeper impression on the Afrikaners mind than any other event in their history, and strengthened their determination to strive for case self-preservation and the recovery of political independence.The five battles of Belmont (Nov 23, 1899), Modder River (Nov 28, 1899), Magersfontein (Dec 11, 1899), Colenso (Dec 15, 1899) and Spion Kop (Jan 24, 1990) respectively, were all fought on the soil of British South Africa. That this would be an advantage in terms of morale and military maneuver turned out to be a rather heedless expectation. The conventional military goals of the overthrow and occupation of the enemy capitals were not pursued, but rather the relief of Kimberley and Ladysmith became the modus operandi of the British forces. Kimberley, because it could have provided a sorely-needed source of capital for the strained coffers of the Boer Republics, and Ladysmith because it would have given the Boer forces a quick road to Durba n and more importantly, its seaport, dramatically increasing the chances of foreign intervention. The political ramifications for British prestige throughout the Empire, of the fall of either of these towns were not underestimated by those in Whitehall. On a basic military level, these campaigns were hardly successful. However, their impact on the war in terms of the subsequent change of official attitude was immense. The Boer forces were not tribesmen fleck on foot with antiquated weaponry. They were mounted and equipped with the latest rifles and munition from France, Germany and England. Many of the commandos were veterans of various wars against tribes throughout the region. The battles waged after these campaigns were fought with these hard lessons in mind. These pungent episodes introduced the British army to modern warfare and highlighted the weaknesses of the enemy the Boer forces.

Womens Pathways into Crime | Research Project

Womens Pathways into criminal offence Research ProjectEXPLORING WOMENS PATHWAYS INTO CRIME AT CHIKURUBI FEMALE PRISONWASHINGTON BONGANI NGULUBEIntroductionThe study of fe young-beacquiring(prenominal) nuisances has been restrain when comp bed to the study of male umbrages. This interrogation focuses on the why there has been an change magnitude in women participating or committing felonious activities in particular gird robbery at Chikurubi distaff Prison in Har be. This chapter go out high weakly the mount to the topic of study and the springs which prompted the investigator to purpose the look for (statement of the problem). The chapter leave al angiotensin converting enzyme in any case bring to light purpose of the study, inquiry questions, and significance of the study. Assumptions, delimitations and limitations atomic add up 18 eluded to in this chapter. Key terms which atomic human activity 18 evidentiary to exploring womens pathways into crime argon to a fault defined in this chapter.Background to the study there is a common perception that the illegal behaviour of women were non dependable problems. Women be more(prenominal) likely to commit minor offenses and kick in historic each(prenominal)y comprise a very sm lone(prenominal) proportion of the main population. But these facts masque a trend that is beginning to attract attention henceforth need the researcher to embark on the quest to get answers to these changes. The research seeks to arrest the reasons to why there has been an subjoin in womens conflict in criminal activities particularly armed robbery. The research will be conducted at Chikurubi Female Prison which is located in Harare, Zimbabwe. The student had the privilege to mass historic period at Parliament of Zimbabwe during the work related encyclopedism in 2013 and 2014. henceforth the research study is a result of the students observations composition working for the Parliament of Zimbabwe.The Women and Men in Zimbabwe periodic report in ZIMSTAT (2012) states that Zimbabwe has a population of virtu all toldy 12 973 808. Whereas, men constitute approximately 6 738 877 (48%) while women constitute 6 234 931 (52%). Harare is provided testify as the Province with the largest population of 16.2 portion of the total population in Zimbabwe (ZIMSTAT, 2012). More so, the Women and Men in Zimbabwe periodic report in ZIMSTAT (2012) further brings to light that 48 per centum of the womanly population is in the age conclave 15- 49. One would further beg that this is the reproductive age group among womanishs.The drastic rise in womens pathways into crime is fairly well(p) k todayn, little so is that the ranks of women crimes are increasing a great deal faster than those of their male counterparts. However, there are no ready statistics but police and romance cases show that the country now has a breed of female criminals, who are terrorizing the public and acting in caho ots with male accomplices. Women in Zimbabwe now cook the dexterity to pinch from financial coffers, carry out highway robberies beneficial up to raiding service stations while heavily armed to the teeth. About 3 499 people were kidnapped and robbed by pirate taxis and kombi drivers working in cahoots with female robbers countrywide last year (Butaumocho, 2014). Ibid further states that the situation is more pronounced in Harare where at least 1 cc cases of kidnapping and robberies by public transport drivers working in cahoots with female accomplices were recorded in the last quarter of 2013. One whitethorn argue that much(prenominal) cases of engaging in violent crimes like robbery submit for long been considered a male domain because of the risks involved that include collide with outs and highway chases that whitethorn result in death. Women evidently are now participants of such criminal activities.The pace at which women are universe convicted of serious offenses is pick ing up faster than the pace at which men are convicted. These dynamics motivated the student to embark into an academic research exploring the reasons to these changes (increase) amid the period 2011 and 2014. ZIMSTA (2011) notes that 432 females were im pris angiotensin-converting enzymed during the 3rd quarter of 2011. The total number of prison admissions in the 3rd quarter of 2011 change magnitude by 21 percent when compared to the 2nd quarter of 2011 while the number of new female prisoners increase by 10 percent in Zimbabwe. In comparison with the quaternary quarter of 2012, a total 9 111 prisoners were admitted into prisons, consisting of 8 509 males and 602 females. ZIMSTA (2012) 4th quarterly report further reveals that female prisoners increased by 31 percent in the period beneath view. Harare province recorded to be having the highest number female prisoners indicating 155 prisoners.What animates the studies is not so much song of offenders but the particular circums tances of the women and girls behind the numbers. The involvement of women in robberies power be a fairly new phenomenon in Zimbabwe, the problem is being experienced in a number of countries across the globe. However, Harare as the capital city of Zimbabwe is evidently recording the highest female crime participation rate.Statement of the problemThe student felt that there is a illustrious gap in literature and inadequate extensive research on the womens pathways into crime in Zimbabwe. When a woman commits a crime, the unwashed explanation is that it is involuntary, defensive or a result of round cordial illness or hormonal imbalance inherent in the female physiology. Engaging in violent crime for example, robbery has for long been considered a male domain because of the risks involved that include shoot outs and highway chases that whitethorn result in death. Zimbabwe seems to excite recorded a disturbing increase in the involvement of woman in armed robberies, rape and dif ferent criminal activities in the past 3 years. There is no crystalize explanation for the increase of female robbers or participation of women in criminal activities. Could this be a result of womens increased masculinity? Or the environment playing a significant influence on womens participation into crime? Is it as a result of gender ground violence? Such questions the research seeks to address in at Chikurubi Female PrisonSignificance of the studyThe study will shed light on what are the motivating factors which prompt the increase of womens pathways into crime particularly in armed robbery. It is of paramount importance to assess the pretend of the environment on the increase of womens pathways into crime. The significance of the study to the organizationThis research will be an eye opener for the Government and the Ministry of Justice, legal and Parliamentary Affairs and separate government parastatals (Police, correctional services) to come up with effective polices and interventions on improving social order and deal with these crimes.CommunitiesThis research will table service other women to avoid the pathways into crime and will second understand why other women participate in criminal activities. future(a) researchersThe increase of womens pathways into crime is a serious national and lodge problem which has to be addressed and thoroughly researched on. This research will uphold future researchers come up with ways to understanding the factors behind the increased womens pathways into crime.The researcherThe research will benefit the researcher as he aspires to further his studies in forensic psychology. Therefore, in carrying out this research, the researcher will gain valuable insight and knowledge into the subjects as he excessively fulfils the requirements to obtain an Honours Degree in Psychology.Research questionsThe research was establish on the following questionsWhat are the psychological factors contributing to womens pathways in to crime?What are the contribution of socio-economic factors leading to womens pathways into crime?How does finale influence womens pathways into crime?AssumptionsThe research was based on the effrontery thatWomen are weaker than men.Purpose of the studyThe sole purpose of the research was to check up on the mitigating factors to increase of women participation into crime particularly in armed robbery. The research utilize the results to implement effective ways to help women in prisons to rule and it will also help to understand why women commit such criminal offences.Delimitations of the studyThe study was confined to focusing on pathways into crime and having women prisoners as the research subjects.LimitationsDisclosure The researcher encountered a challenge in gathering information regarding womens involvement and participation in criminal activities at CFP as they considered the information to be highly sensitive. Obtaining information from the subjects whitethorn also be a challenge. Therefore, the researcher sought permission send-off from the Department of Prisons Services Headquarters.Data collection procedures Data can be unreliable in the event participants choose not to participate. The researcher used popcorns and chips as incentives in order to motivate participates of participate.Time and financial constraints This research was conducted concurrently with final year modules. Time to effectively cover all issues and aspects involved in carrying out a proper research was restricted. There were a lot of resources needed for printing, internet research, typing and travelling which also put strain on the available resources. Therefore, the researcher came up with a budget and sequence plan which guided the researcher in cost-effective time and resource allocation.Definition of termsWomenThese are adult female humans (Wehmier, 2005).PathwaysThese are plans along or a way of achieving some(a)thing (Wehmier, 2005).CrimeThis refers to those acti vities which break the law of the land and are subject to official penalization (Haralambos,0000).SummaryThis chapter provided the spinal columnground to the area of study as well as highlighting the statement of the problem. The significance of the study, assumptions, purpose of the study, limitations and delimitations have also been addressed. This chapter also outlined the research questions. More so, the relevant terms to the research have been defined.Case study Impact of subject 1 DiabetesCase Study Impact of Type 1 DiabetesTitle Knowledge essential for closing making in adult nursingIntroduction.This essay is primarily around the come to of Type 1 diabetes on a particular enduring. It will consider not only the relevance of Type 1 diabetes to the patient and how they coped with it, but, in this particular case, how they also dealt with the health deflexion of the phylogeny of a particularly severe computer encircling(prenominal) neuropathy and the impact that th e latter had on both(prenominal) their quality of manner and their lifestyle. It is notable that the maturation of this complication had an impact not only on the patient, but also on both the family and his other informal carers.There is no consent form for this essay as the patients details have been annonymised.Rationale for choice of thickening and the health deviation. (200 words )This essay will consider the case of Mr. J who is a 54 yr old postman. He was found to have Type 1 diabetes four years ago which was promptly diagnosed and brought under ascendency with Insulin. Over the last six months he had developed poignant legs and feet. Initially he ignored this, putting it down to just getting older and circulation. It got progressively worse however, to the point that he could not work. He took early effment, a move which he later regretted. He was diagnosed with computer peripheral diabetic neuropathy. It was notable that Mr. J initially entered as a particularly st oic individual who made light of every adversity. His subsequent outgrowth of the neuropathy and retirement seemed to generate a marked change in his advent to life. He became withdrawn and resentful and difficult to live with. This was a study factor in his treatment plan.My initial contact with Mr. J came in the context of a primary health care setting when he presented at the diabetic clinic for a follow up appointment. He appeared to be particularly negative about his condition and we got into a conversation. I became implicated in his situation and followed him up in some detail.Pathophysiology of the health deviation and its effect on the client. ( 1400 words).This essay is primarily about Mr. J and his peripheral neuropathy. This section will begin however, with a brief overview of the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitusDiabetes mellitusThere are two primary types of diabetes mellitus Types 1 and 2. Type 1 diabetes occurs when there is an autoimmune process which culmina tes in the destruction of the cells of the pancreas together with a consequent reduction in the amount of circulating Insulin produced. (Meigs, J.B et al. 2003).Type 2 diabetes occurs when the circulating levels of insulin are insufficient to effectively control the glucose levels within normal limits. In clinical terms, this results in a high blood sugar level in standstill with high levels of circulating Insulin. A number of studies have suggested that Type 2 diabetes accounts for more than 95% of all cases. (Narayan, K.M et al. 2003).In broad terms, the control of both types of diabetes mellitus requires rigorous attention to dietary intake of carbohydrates and calories and a controlled transaction regime. Type 1 diabetes is invariably treated with insulin and Type 2 diabetes whitethorn be controlled with diet alone (with or without weight loss) and the possibility of oral exam hypoglycaemic drugs.Peripheral diabetic neuropathyPeripheral diabetic neuropathy is a relatively common complication of diabetes mellitus and some studies suggest that it can affect up to 50% of diabetic patients (viz. Boulton A J M et al. 2000). The knowledge of the neuropathy is a feared complication as it is likely to predispose the patient to a number of sequelae including varying degrees of functional limitation together with the possibility of unremitting inconvenience oneself-importance and motor unsteadiness. (Reiber G E et al. 1999). Its end stage sequelae include balky diabetic foot ulceration and amputation. (Pecoraro R E et al. 2000). Virtually all of these elements are associated with very substantial health care costs, quite away from major socio-economic consequences such as loss of work time and a reduced quality of life. (Rathman W et al. 2003)A number of studies (viz. Vileikyte L 1999 and Vileikyte L et al. 2005) have presented the association of peripheral diabetic neuropathy with depressive illness. This is draw inly relevant to Mr. J in this case and t herefore will be explored in some detail. The literature on the subject is contradictory with the meta-analysis by de Groot (de Groot M et al. 2001) determination little evidence to abide the association. It is fair to comment that part of the reason for this apparent discrepancy may be due to the reason that there was a considerable variation in the techniques used to diagnose peripheral diabetic neuropathy which meant that different populations were included in different studies. (Boulton A J M et al. 1999)This comment is based on the discovery that different types of case fibre are affected in different types of peripheral diabetic neuropathy and in different individuals. It follows that more than one modality of testing is required to establish a diagnosis. A second factor is that the severity of the neuropathy, as determined by objective testing, actually correlates poorly with the subjects assessment of their distressingness levels. Patients (such as Mr. J) who have high l evels of perceived pain, may have remarkably preserved sensory function on clinical testing. Some authorities have argued that this may demonstrate a rudimentary processing component to the subjective appreciation of the pain from neuropathy.It is known that less that 10% of patients who have a peripheral diabetic neuropathy have poorly painful symptoms and many experience no symptoms of pain at all. (Chan A W et al. 1999)The pathophysiology of peripheral diabetic neuropathy still remains unknown in any detail but there is evidence that metabolic and ischaemic components are implicated. (Leon C et al. 2007). Chronic hyperglycaemia is known to be associated with undersized blood vessel disease and therefore reduced blood feast to the nerves. It is also known to interfere with myoinositol, sorbitol and fructose metabolism, all of which are essential for nerve activity. (Dyck P J B et al. 2003)There is also legal opinion to be a mechanism of oxidative stress that is grievous. Fre e atomic number 8 radicals (produced in diabetes mellitus) activate protein kinase C which has been shown to produce damage to nerve cells.A number of papers show that there is a link betwixt the degree of control of the diabetes mellitus, the length of time since diagnosis and the eventual development of peripheral diabetic neuropathy (viz. Pirart J 1977)Consider how this health deviation impacts upon the clients go through health care. (500 words)In consideration of the specific case of Mr. J, one can note that his diabetes mellitus was diagnosed four years ago. He presented with the classic symptoms of suddenly feeling unwell, frequency of urination and increasing thirst (polyuria and polydypsia). He was mightily and promptly diagnosed by the GP and referred to the local diabetic clinic where he was fleetly brought under control with injected insulin. Mr. J proved to be a unattackable patient. Considerations of empowerment and education of the patient paid dividends with M r. J rapidly learning about his condition and he became very competent in managing it on a day to day tail end, learning how to adjust the insulin doses himself. (Howe A et al. 2003).The impact of the development of his peripheral diabetic neuropathy cannot be overstated. It was responsible for his decision to retire early, a decision which he rapidly regretted. He became depressed and withdrawn, pickings little pride in his appearance and less care with his glycaemic control. He was initially treated with anti depressants (with marginal success). At the time of written material he is undergoing a course of cognitive behaviour therapy to try to regenerate the situation.His HbA1 levels, which were initially exemplary, became erratic and are only now coming back to normal levels.His peripheral diabetic neuropathy was diagnosed with the specialist using a number of diagnostic tools including electro-diagnostic studies (EDS), cardiovascular autonomic function testing (cAFT) together with personal examination scoring, quantitative sensory testing (QST) (Meijer J W G 2002)It is known that peripheral diabetic neuropathy is notoriously resistant to treatment. There are four basic elementscausal treatment aimed at (near)-normoglycemia,treatment based on pathogenetic mechanisms,symptomatic treatmentavoidance of risk factors and complications.(CS 1998)At this time the only specific treatment licensed for peripheral diabetic neuropathy is alpha-lipoic acid. This may be assisted by specific analgesics such as duloxetine and pregabalin, other treatment is symptomatic and the treatment of subsidiary factors (such as alcohol intake, hypertension, fastball and cholesterol control) to prevent a worsening of the condition.Potential influences of the health deviation on the long term well being of the client and family significant others. ( 600 words )The impact of Mr. Js condition on the life of the family has been considerable. All family members were very positive about his primary diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. His development of secondary conditions such as the peripheral diabetic neuropathy and the depression were farthermost more challenging. Mrs J complained that he was difficult to live with, lost all interest in sexual matters, had poor self esteem and started to self neglect. The primary health care diabetic nurses spent as much time supporting (empowerment and education) Mrs J as they did Mr. J. It remains to be seen how Mr. J progresses with his cognitive behaviour therapy and his depression. Mrs J blames his early retirement on the development of his depression rather than the peripheral diabetic neuropathy.One can only hope that Mr. J does not progress to foot ulceration and a further reduction in his quality of life.Learning gained. (150) words.The research that I have done into this condition has given me a must more complete knowledge of the pathophysiology of peripheral diabetic neuropathy together with the treatment and support t hat is necessary for both the patient and his informal carers. It has become quite clear that it is simply not sufficient to control the diabetes mellitus, the patient and their extended family will need huge amounts of both information and support if their condition is to be optimally managedSpecifically I have realised just how important it is to make a holistic assessment of the patient at the early opportunity, to gain an empathetic bond early on so that it becomes easier to commit problems at their earliest stage rather than waiting for the patient to present them at a stage when they are more difficult to manage. (Marinker M.1997) destruction (50 words) .This essay revolves around the appreciation of how difficult some patients find it to suit to the illness role when they have been fit and active throughout their lives. It is one of the challenges of the good healthcare professional to understand and to pre-empt some of these adaptive processes to help their patients accom modate this transition. (Newell N et al. 1992). I believe that Mr. J has made some progress with dealing with his condition but there is clearly a long way yet for him to go.References Boulton A J M, Gries F A, Jervell J A (1999) Guidelines for the diagnosis and outpatient management of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Diabet Med 15 508 514, 1999Boulton A J M, Malik R A, Arezzo J, Sosenko J M (2000) diabetic neuropathy technical review. Diabetes sustenance 27 1458 1487, 2000Chan A W, MacFarlane I A, Bowsher D R (1999) Chronic pain in patients with diabetes mellitus comparison with non-diabetic population. Pain Clinics 3 147 159, 1999CS (1998) Consensus statement trace and recommendations of the San Antonio conference on diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care 11 592 597, 1998de Groot M, Anderson R, Freedland K E, Clouse R E, Lustman P J (2001) Association of depression and diabetes complications a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med 63 619 630, 2001Dyck P J B, Sinnreich M. (2003) Diabetic Neuropathies. Continuum 2003 9 19 34Howe and Anderson (2003) Involving patients in health check education. BMJ, Aug 2003 327 326 328.Leon C, Asif A (2007) Arteriovenous Access and Hand Pain The Distal Hypoperfusion ischaemic Syndrome. Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., January 1, 2007 2 (1) 175 183.Marinker M. (1997) From compliance to concordance achieving shared goals in music taking. BMJ 1997 314 747 8.Meigs, J. B. et al. (2003) . Prevalence and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in the San Antonio Heart and Framingham Offspring Studies. Diabetes. 52 2160 2167.Meijer J W G, Smit A J, van Sonderen E, Groothoff J W, Eisma W H, Links T P (2002) Symptom scoring systems to diagnose distal polyneuropathy in diabetes the Diabetic Neuropathy Symptom score. Diabet Med 19 962 965, 2002Narayan, K M., Boyle, J P., Thompson, T J., Sorensen, S W., and Williamson, D F. (2003). Lifetime risk for diabetes mellitus in the United States. JAMA. 290 1884 1890Newell and Simon. (1992) Hum an Problem Solving. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs 1992.Pecoraro R E, Reiber G E, Burgess E M (2000) Pathways to diabetic limb amputation basis for prevention. Diabetes Care 13 513 521, 2000Pirart J. (1977) Diabetes mellitus and its degenerative complications a prospective study of 4400 patients spy between 1947 and 1973 (third and last part). Diabetes Metab 1977 3 245 56.Rathman W, Ward J (2003) Socioeconomic aspects. In Textbook of Diabetic Neuropathy. Gries F A, Cameron N E, Low P A, Ziegler D, Eds. Stuttgart, Thieme, 2003, p. 361 372Reiber G E, Vileikyte L, Lavery L, Boyko E M, Boulton A J M (1999) Causal pathways for incident lower-extremity ulcers in patients with diabetes from two settings. Diabetes Care 22 157 162, 1999Vileikyte L (1999) Psychological aspects of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Diabetes Rev 7 387 394, 1999Vileikyte L, Leventhal H, Gonzalez J S, Peyrot M et al. (2005) Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy and Depressive Symptoms. The association revisited. Dia betes Care 28 2378 2383, 20053.7.08 Word count 2,425 PDG

Hypothyroidism Thyroid Hormone

Hypothyroidism Thyroid HormoneHypothyroidism 1 reading on HypothyroidismHypothyroidism 2What is hypothyroidism?Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid secreter fails to produce enough thyroid hormone.What are the causes of hypothyroidism?Some common causes of hypothyroidism are the failure of the pituitary gland to secrete a hormone called TSH, to enkindle the thyroid gland, congenital birth defects, surgical removal of the thyroid gland or inflammatory conditions, and iodinedeficiency. The some common cause of hypothyroidism is called Hashimotos thyroiditis. This is an autoimmune disease which develops antibodies against its own thyroid gland cells. Some other factors that open to hypothyroidism includes female gender, obesity, thyroid surgery, and expocertain(p) of the neck to X-ray or radiation.How is hypothyroidism diagnosed?Hypothyroidism lot be detected through a simple blood test. In this blood test, the doctor will compare your TSH (thyroid stimulating hormon e) level. A low T4 and a high TSH level indicates hypothyroidism. This is the best and close reliable way .What are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?The symptoms of hypothyroidism are low energy, constant tiredness, depression, dizziness, weightiness gain, despite loss of appetite, ankle swelling, anemia, and goiter (enlarged thyroid). Symptoms of hypothyroidism can range from mild to severe.Some symptoms may go unnoticed or dismissed for more(prenominal) simpler conditions.What are the complications from hypothyroidism?Hypothyroidism 3People with hypothyroidism may not have either symptoms at all. In some people, hypothyroidism can lead to heart disease, increase risk of infection, infertility, and miscarriage. The most severe complication is myxedema coma, which is a medical exam emergency that occurs when the bodys level of thyroid hormones become extremely low. If not handle with intravenous thyroid hormones and steroid therapy, it can be fatal.How is hypothyroidism treated ?The most effective treatment for hypothyroidism is thyroid hormone supplementation. Levothyroxine is the most commonly apply medication. Based on a persons TSH level, proper dosage is given up in the form of a tablet. This medication is taken throughout a persons life. Thyroid hormone levels should be checked yearly to make sure the dosage is the correct amount.Can hypothyroidism be prevented?There is no barroom for hypothyroidism however, screening tests in newborns can detect congential hypothyroidism.Hypothyroidism 4ReferencesHypothyroidism. ( 2008). Retrieved January 8, 2008, from Endocrine Websitehttp// www.endocrineweb.com/hypo1.htmlHypothyroidism. (2008). Retrieved January 29, 2008, from health Encyclopediahttp// www.healthscout.com/ency/68/34/main.htmlHypothyroidism.(2008). Retrieved January 30, 2008, from Mayo Clinic websitehttp//www.mayoclinic.com/health/hypothyroidism/DS00353Hypothyroidism.(2008) Retrieved January 30, 2008 from Medline Plus websitehttp//www.nlm.nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/ obligate/000353.htm

Factors Influencing Airline Industry Performance In Europe Tourism Essay

Factors Influencing tune duct labor Performance In europium Tourism EssayThe air duct commitation manufacture puzzleed in atomic number 63 with KLM the Netherland national air lane which was founded on 7 October 1919, make it the oldest holder in the world and the caller-out is steady operating under its original name, although the company stopped operating during the plump for World War a reachice from the operations in the Dutch Antilles in the Caribbean. The first KLM escape was on 17 May 1920, from Croydon impartport, capital of the United Kingdom to capital of The Netherlands carrying two British journalists and a number of vernalspapers.1The European air hose vault of heaven has historically been dominated by national flag letter aircraft carriers who together storey for oer 70% of civilian passenger traffic. These respiratory tracts came up after the second base World War and were state-owned or state-sponsored. Examples hold British furrow fashions , Lufthansa, Swiss foreign Airline, SN Brussels, Alitalia, Iberia, Air France KLM and more(prenominal) another(prenominal)s which be tacit the major airline businesss carrier in Europe to sidereal day.(Debarshi Datta and Subham L. Chakravarty, 2006)2We whoremonger non talk about the airline assiduity without mentioning the IATA (International Air Transport Association). IATA is an internationalist wiliness body, created in 1944 by a sort out of airlines. Today, IATA represents many 230 airlines comprising 93% of scheduledinternational air traffic. The organization parting is also to represents, leads and serves the airline constancy in general. All the rules and regulation in the airline industry argon set by IATA. The main civilize of IATA is to provide safe and secure carry-over to the passengers.3Over the divisions, the airline industry has grown from an experimental mode of manoeuveration to a major part of the worlds merchant marine system, carrying an esti mated 1.5 billion passengers annually. Airline industry today is facing threefold intemperateies and almost of the traditional airlines today ar having losings. IATA said airlines Carriers pick up suffered losses of $50bn over the past 10 divisions, and still face a series of risks which atomic number 18 the factors that broadcastly ca roles these bad capital punishments. We have identified those factors in the European airline industry ranging from international monetary crisis, terrorism threats, alternative transport mode, foreign emulation fuel terms fluctuation to the presence of pocket-size damage carrier.Fuel personify fluctuationToday airlines companies face many problems there atomic number 18 many factors that contribute to these problems and the unstable fuel personify is one of them. The value of a barrel of oil has a channelize reach on airliners within the European aviation industry. With the current political disputes in easterly Europe amidst Ukr ainian oil and accelerator company Naftohaz Ukrainy and Russian vaunt supplier Gazprom over natural fluid supplies, numerous European countries that depend on Russian natural gas transported through Ukraine. The unrest in Nigeria with pipelines attacks, kidnapped petroleum company employees and in the mall East with Iraq war and Iran nuclear ambitions, all this influence the oil labor in these countries indeed the hail of oil is wantly to rise as is the unstable nature of this resource and industry in general. According to the statistics from the global Aviation Bureau, due to the fuel price surge, the cost of fuel has accounted to 31% of the cost of major business of airline companies in the first one-half of the year 2008 from 22%. The whole airline industry has afforded additional cost expenditure of $200 million for the same period. Increases in fuel prices extend to the airlines in many commissions, first the cost of fuel has an obvious and direct encounter on the cost of operation, and secondly fuel cost step-ups have repeatedly triggered economic recessions, which in turn result in a substantial decline in demand for air travel and air cargo. Fuel price increases have a particularly adverse impact on airlines because still in good time fuel be constitute around 10% to 12% of their operating expense. E rattling penny increase in the price of jet fuel costs the airline industry $180 million a year.4In the absence of determine power, the ability to pass these costs along in the form of higher(prenominal) airfares -these increases comes right off the bottom line of these companies.5The airlines are doing everything they rouse to economise and reduce their fuel consumption. With the evolution of commercial aviation, airlines have insisted upon the most fuel-efficient aircraft practical and have worked with airframe and engine manufacturers to reduce fuel consumption but still the fuel price is an incontrollable factor that they have to d eal with.Terrorism threatsThe impact of the terrorism on the Airline industry is still present a couple of(prenominal)er years after September 11, 2001. This continues to have a strong influence on the air travel industry. Some airlines did not survive the financial wreckage immediately after 9/11 most laid off workers, and it seemed that other terrorist plots were uncovered or thwarted in an age of warrantor alerts.6The September 11 bombing has a very negative nucleus on all the airlines companies due to the fact that many people start to care for their security measure, with the final result of a decline of the people proclivity to travel by level and accordingly airlines sales. Because of the recession in the airline industry at that time many companies have gone bankrupt.7The most recent terrorist attack in a plane was in Christmas day declination 25, 2009, Oumar Farouk Abdulmutallab travelled to Amsterdam, where he boarded Northwest Airlines Flight 253 en dispatch t o Detroit, Michigan while reaching he tried to b embarrassed up the plane with and explosive but he was stopped by the passengers. This contract shows that the terrorism threat is still present. Today, there are new security checks before boarding the latest one is the scanner. The others were implement after 9/11.Some of these check up are very outrageous Shoes and belts off, Laptops out. reach up Standing in an especially long security queue, transeunt through the metal detector, dogs. All liquids, gels and aerosols must be in 100ml or smaller containers. Larger containers that are half-full or toothpaste tubes rolled up are not allowed. All liquids, gels and aerosols must be placed in a single, quart-size, zip-top, clear plastic bag. Gallon size bags or bags that are not zip-top such as fold-over sandwich bags are not allowed. Each traveler can use only one clear plastic bag.8 numerous others other restrictions make passengers even more uncomfortable. All this mix with the fe ar of a potential risk of terrorist attack in a plane because they have seen what happen before make people change their way of travelling. That is one of the reasons why there is a reduction in the flight ticket sales in European countries. monetary crisisThe International Air Transport Association (IATA), which represents most of the airlines worldwide, reported in December 2008 that international air passenger traffic flee 4.6% year-over-year, and only about 74% of plane seats were sold. International air cargo volume fell an unprecedented 22.6% year-over-year, a sign of the slow downwards in world trade and plummeting consumer make iting.9This is the first time in memory that airlines in virtually every region of the world have been simultaneously hurt by fall ticket sales and cargo loads. The international financial crisis make a lot of company went bankrupt and the one which didnt close cut down their workforce to face multiple difficulties. Many people today spend slight money for their travel and unoccupied time because they earn less and some family even suspend totally the travels to use the money for other purposes. People like to conserve money to cover the essentials of life such as food, shelter and family necessities. Europe had been hit by the crisis and millions of person deep in thought(p) their jobs. in that location has been a marked reduction in business activities and consumer spending, and this affects the airline industry, as business travel slows, and discretionary spending on leisure travel goes down. Companies such as British airways, Air France KLM, Alitalia and many others are facing financial difficulties. With millions euro of losses since 2008 company like British airways even ask the employee to work for free a week or more than that to save the company.Foreign disceptationAirlines is a very competitive industry most of the countries around the world have their national airline company and apart from that there are priv ate owned Airlines all over the world. Air transport within the EU has been liberalised through three successive packages of directives and regulations. The effects of these different steps taken have been to extend the article of faith of the single market to air transport within the EU. The liberalisation branch of the European airline market (open skies) has led to stronger competition with an increase in the supply of air transport and lower tariffs, especially on routes where airlines compete. (J.F.Pons, December 1999)10apart from this, there are others agreement that European countries had signed with Asian, African and American countries to allow their companies to operate in Europe. All these agreements make the European market the toughest in term of competition. The competitors of European companies are Singapore Airlines, Emirates, American Airline, Continental and others. But the most aggressive competitors come from the Middle Eastern airline such as Etihad Airways a nd Qatar Airways these two companies are not making any profit since their creation there are granted by their respective government therefore their quick expansion. Qatar Airways only operate with more 82 planes and has 220 planes in order for more than $40 billion expenditure and Etihad airways operate with 56 planes and has 106 planes in order the company is planning to stunt man the number of cities Etihad services to 100 and to fly 25million passengers by 2020.11These goals depart be supported by Etihads $43 billion shopping spree at the UKs Farnborough Air Show at which it purchased 55 Airbus aircraft and 45 aircraft from Boeing.12This show that the competition in the European market will be more difficult with time to come therefore the European airlines carrier must be ready to face it.Alternative transport modeThe evolution of engineering science today brought various ways of travelling and ameliorates the existing transportation mode. There are many alternative way of travelling without taking a plane such as bus, inculcate, boat and many others. The building of new infrastructure had reduced the travel distance. Today the main alternative transportation mode that we can consider as a potential synchronous is the high speed train with the constructions of the tunnel under Manche Sea to tie Britain with mainland Europe. Eurostar (high speed train) operate this route associateing London to Paris and Brussels.13The time that it takes to link London to Brussels in Belgium with the high speed train is mediocre 1hour 51 minutes and it is two times cheaper than the flight ticket. With a bilingual staff, their aim is to offer integrated fast rail travel between major European cities and to compete with airlines on punctuality, environment, pricing and speed. A high-speed rail network a cross seven countries in Europe will soon compete with airlines as the most convenient way to travel. The intercity network will mean that a passenger will be able to hop on a train travelling from London to Frankfurt in just five hours for as little as 69. Passengers will also be able to travel between France, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland and Austria without passing the ground in the year 2007 15 millions person use this train and they are planning to have more than 25 million passengers by 2010. All this level we can see that the high speed trains are serious concurrent because they are targeting airline passengers as their potential hereafter customers.14Presence of junior-grade Cost Carrier (LCC)Low cost carrier are those airlines which offer low fares for all the destinations where they are operating and focus for food, priority boarding, seat allocating, and baggages. This type of company lowers their operating cost. With just a single class and more seats in the plane and a multi task for example flight attendants also cleaning the aircraft or working as gate agents, simplified routes, emphasizing point-to-point t ransit instead of transfers at hubs. This help the company to considerably reduce it operation cost and therefore sells it flying ticket at a low price. The major low cost carriers in Europe are Ryanair, Easy jet, Germanwing and Tulfly. On knock against 2010, The European Low Fares Airline Association (ELFAA) announced that last year its members carried 162.5 million passengers and accounting for over 35% of scheduled intra-European Air traffic, representing an 8.7% increase on the previous year.15. A Low cost Carrier like Ryanair make a profit of 105 million at the year terminate 2009 compare to British Airways a traditional airline carrier which make a loss of 358 million at the year ended 2009.16We can see that the low cost carriers are growing very fast and they have a control over their operating cost. That is why they are the only Airlines which make benefits today although the airline industry is in crisis. Low cost carriers fares are one of the reasons why traditional airl ines are facing difficulties today and these LCC are therefore attracting the passenger of the traditional carrier. search frame workIndependent variables dependent variableFuel cost fluctuationTerrorism threatsFinancial crisisForeign competitionAlternative transport modePresence of Low Cost CarrierAirline Industry performance in Europe look for objectivesTo examine how fuel cost fluctuation affect the airline industry performance in EuropeTo determine the effect of the terrorism threats on the airline industry performance in EuropeTo survey the impact of financial crisis on the airline industry performance in EuropeTo analyse how the foreign competition influence the airline industry performance in EuropeTo order the alternative transport mode and his effect on the airline industry performance in EuropeTo understand how presence of low cost carrier impacts the airline industry performance in EuropeResearch methodology1-Target respondent our target respondent in this inquiry will be the management people of the Airlines companies and in certain measure the customers. We consider these persons because they are the one directly concern by our research and they can give their feedback which is what we are looking at.2- Types of entropySecondary data are information from unoriginal sources, it is not directly compiled by the analyst and could include published or unpublished work based on research that relies on primary sources of any material other than primary sources apply to prepare a written work. Here we have to show the sources of the secondary data used in our research we exploit Websites, Journals and books.Primary data Are information that has been roll up at first hand. Theses specifics informations are collected by the person who is doing the research. Primary data collection involves measurement of some sort, whether by taking readings off instruments, sketching, counting, or conducting consultations (using questionnaires). To interview our re spondent, we will use the personal interview for the management people of the Airlines companies because they will be few and to have an accurate firmness of purpose. For the customers, we will be using the telephone interview because it is the one that we will have a direct access to the customers and therefore they will be less chance of having a mistaken answer from the respondent. Our research here doesnt use primary data but this is the questionnaire that can be used when interviewing the persons involves (respondent).3- MeasurementVariablesMeasurementThe industry performance-Passengers onus-profitabilityFuel cost-World fuel priceTerrorism-Number of incident and placesFinancial crisis-Economic data GDPForeign competition-Number of foreign AirlinesAlternative transportation-Number and types of different alternative transportationLow cost carrier-Number of Low cost carrierTime scaleGantt chartTaskMonth1Moth 2Moth 3W1W2W3W4W1W2W3W4W1W2W3W4 musical composition of proposalSubmissi on of proposalProposal defenceData collectionOrganization of dataAnalysis of dataWriting of dissertationSubmission of dissertation

An Overview Of Tourist Motivation Tourism Essay

An Overview Of phaeton Motivation Tourism EssayTourist want is seen by some writers as cardinal of the key elements in understanding holidaymaker decision-making behaviour. A sound understanding of exhaust motif plays a critical eccentric in predicting future live patterns and address selection. The big answer to the basic question, why do large number travel? has occupied the minds of tourer researchers for galore(postnominal) years. Many different motives compel people to travel. Various methods suck been occupied to unc over travel motives. The following literature will shed free on versatile theories that foot be used to have a knowledge why people travel to urban destination.Tourist motivation can be defined as the global integrating mesh of biological and cultural forces which gives value and direction to travel choices, behaviour and experience. (Pearce, Morrison Rutledge, 1998). tack simply, motivation is a state of arousal of a drive or consider which impels people to activity in pursuit of goals. Once the goals have been achieved the motivating subsides and the singular returns to the equilibrium-but only briefly because new motives wax as the last one is satisfied. As cited in Seaton (1997) motivation of the man-to-man individual to travel, to look outside for what he can non find inside have been mostly peed by society and shaped by everyday life. Grays (1979) travel-motivation theory, poses only cardinal main motives for travel. One is the desire to go from a known to an secret jell, called in Grays theory wanderlust. The other motive is what Grays called sunlust. This generates a trip to a place which can provide the traveler with specific facilities that do not exist in his or her own place of residence. Some of the motives which moderate their travel choices atomic number 18 recreation, pleasure, new experiences, cultural interest, shopping.The existence of internal and outdoor(a) factors which motivates hu man behavior is assumed by many authors. Kotler (182) for example, stipulate that motivation can be caused by the result of internal and external stimuli. intragroup stimuli arise from personal ask and wants that can be physiological, cordial, egocentric, sanctuary, and self-actualisation. External stimuli arise from marketing. Travel motives can be personal (personal training, compensation, rest and knowledge) or interpersonal (resulting from social relations) (dann, 1977, Yoon and Uysal, 2005). Dann (1977) classifies personal motives as those that predispose the individual for travelling, escape valve from passing(a) routines, the desire to escape from solitude while interpersonal motives arise from the need to set about some ready of social recognition that is obtained through travel. fit to the push and force concept, Crompton (1979), push factors explains the desire for travel while the pull motives have been used to explain the actual destination choice. Nine motivati ons of unfilled travelers were identified and classified seven as socio-psychological or push motives and cardinal as cultural or pull motives. The seven push motives were, escape from a perceived mundane surroundings, exploration and evaluation of self, simpleness, prestige, regression, enhancement of kinship relationships, and facilitation of social interaction. The pull motives were novelty and education.Maslow (1943) identified two motivational types tension-reducing motives arousal-seeking motives. thither ar five needs forming a hierarchy, progressing from the lower to the higher needs. At the bottom be the basic needs for food, water and air. Then, above them is the need for safety, security, and protection. The higher needs in this hierarchy only come into boil down when the lower needs in the pyramid be met. Once an individual has moved upwards to the next level, needs in the lower level will no longer be prioritized. Cooper et al (2005) questioned Maslows theory saying that why and how Maslow selected the basic five needs remain unclear, although rogue (2003) emotional states that it has relevance in understanding how human action is understandable and sure compared to research which argues that human behaviour is essentially irrational and unpredictable. Though overmuch criticism about Maslows theory, the tourism literature has borrowed a lot from Maslow since he provides a convenient set of containers that can be relatively denominate and provide a useful framework for understanding psychological motivational factors in tourism. Thus, for example, although the apparent purpose of a trip whitethorn be for shopping, the underlying psychological motivation whitethorn be to impress their neighbours and assimilate higher social status. Iso-Ahola (1982) says that holidaymakers will switch roles while on holiday, and that over time different needs will arise. Single motivation whitethorn not always act as the determining factor for tra vel. If deep down the holiday, the initial needs are satisfied, other motivations might emerge. Indeed, it is congruent with Maslows theories of needs to argue that if initially in that location is a primary need for relaxation while on a holiday, the satisfaction of that need will create awareness of other needs such as exploration of place as a doer of acquiring a sense of be or to enable processes of self-actualisation to take place.Dann (1981) has identified seven elements of tourer motivations travel as a response to what is lacking yet desired destination pull in response to motivational push motivation as fantasy(engage in behaviour and activities that are culturally unacceptable in their lieu environment like prostitution and gambling) motivation as classified purpose(VFRs) motivational typologies motivation and holidaymaker experiences motivation as auto-definition and meaning (the way in which tourist define their situations and respond to them).Page Connell,2003.B eard and Ragheb (1983225), propose four motivational needs which came from the work of Maslow (1970).These are the intellectual component (such as learning, exploring, discovering, thinking or imagining), the social component where individuals engage in leisure activities for social reasons. This component includes two basic needs (need for friendship and interpersonal relationships and the need for the esteem of others), the competence-mastery component assesses the extent to which individuals engage in leisure activities in order to achieve, master, challenge and compete. The activities are usually physical in reputation and finally the stimulus-avoidance component of leisure motivation which assesses the drive to escape and get away from over-stimulating life situations. It is the need for some individuals to avoid social contacts, to seek solitude and calm conditions and for others it is to seek to rest and to unwind themselves. These four motivations form the foundation of th eir Leisure Motivation.P.Pearce (1988) using the concept of a travel campaign when investigating motivation for tourism, suggested that motivation are multivariate and dynamic, changing curiously as a result of ageing and lifecycle stage, as wellspring as being influenced by other people. He proposed the following motivation categories relaxation, stimulation, relationship, conceit and increment, fulfillment. In Pearces model, the motivations listed can be divided into two categories. The needs may be self-centered or directed at others. Thus, for instance, relaxation may be a solo exercise where the holiday-maker seeks a quiet slumberous time alone or it can be relaxation in the company of others, springing from the need for external excitement and desire for novelty. Stimulation can be independent which springs from the concern for own safety, or it can be directed toward others arising out of the concern for others safety. Relationship can be self-directed which means givi ng love and affection and maintaining relationships, or it can be directed at others which means receiving affection, to be with group membership. Self-esteem and development maybe self-directed like development of skills, special interests, competence and mastery, or it may be directed at others like prestige, glamour of travelling. fulfilment is totally self-directed as it fulfils individual dreams, understands oneself more and experience intragroup peace and harmony. There are some criticisms against Pearces travel motivations. For example, Pearce argues that stimulation may be understood along a dimension of risk and safety of self or others. However, it might be argued that there is a true and distinctive difference between these two motivations.Chadwick (1987) provided a simplified compartmentalization of why people travel under three main headings. These are as follows Pleasure leisure, culture, active sports, visiting friends and relatives, Professional Meeting, missions, business, etc, other purposes Study, health and transit.Classifying tourist behaviours have important implications for the study of the impact of tourism on destination. Shaw Williams (2002) opines that many of the typologies are based around identifying the significant traits of tourists. check to Klenosky (2002) travel behaviour is motivated by two sets of factors, one that influences or pushes a person to consider travelling outside his or her everyday environment and another set that attracts or pulls that person to visit a item destination.Several sociological theories have been put forward in the tourist literature in an attempt to explain motivation. Cohen (1972), in his early studies sub-divided tourist into four types based on motivation. He asserted that all tourists are seeking some element of novelty and strangeness while, at the aforesaid(prenominal) time, most also need to retain something beaten(prenominal). He distinguished tourist using sociological principles into unionized mass tourist, individual mass tourists, venturer and drifter. Hence, at one end of his continuum was the organized mass tourist seeking familiarity in the holiday surroundings, while at the other end, the drifter is ordain to accept far more strangeness.Smith (1977) provided a more elaborated variant of Cohens tourist typologies. Smith (1977) identifies 7 categories of tourist who have been termed as interactional typologies explorer, elite, off-beat, unusual, incipient mass, mass, and charter. However, Plog (1990) criticised the validity of Smiths typology.Shaw Williams (2002) argued that Plogs typology is built upon asking tourists about their substantive general lifestyles or value systems, often using perceptual training derived from in-depth interviews. Plog suggested two set of individual allo-centric and psycho-centric. The latter are concerned originally with the self, are inhibited and non-adventurous. In term of tourist behaviour, psycho-centrics want the familiar and are unlikely to travel great distances to explore new tourism destinations. Conversely, the former are confident, naturally inquisitive and seek out the unfamiliar when travelling. This typology can be used to examine tourist motivations as well as attitudes to particular destinations and modes of travel.Johns Gyimothy (2002) states that Plog (1973) used a psychometric scale to reason tourists into allocentric, midcentric and psychocentric, depending on individuals relative focus on their own culture and the one they are visiting. Psychocentrics tourists like nice swimming pool well organized trip good facilities pub lunches. Cooper et al (2005) feel they are conservative in their travel patterns. However, Cooper et al (2005) questions the applicability of the typology. They feel that tourists may on a second visit travel to near psychocentric-type areas, whereas the main holiday maybe in an allocentric-type destination. Gottlieb(in Davidoff and Davidoff,1983) a s cited in Seaton(1997), suggests that there are two kinds of tourists-those who seek a pampered lifestyle beyond their means in everyday life while the latter, having access to material luxuries in their everyday life, seek simpler, more primitive contacts in their leisure(e.g. on safaris, roughing it on adventure holidays, etc).Shaw Williams (2002) states few problems associated with tourist typologies. Firstly, typologies are relatively static models due(p) to lack of information (Lowyck et al, 1990).Secondly, individuals change as tourists over time. Changing patterns of tourist behaviour do not exist in sufficient item or scale. Tourist typologies offer just mere generalities. According to Shaw Williams (2002) these typologies are beneficial despite their limitations. They provide insight into motivations of tourist and their behaviour.An insight of the various types of tourism purpose and motivation is crucial for those planning and marketing tourist destinations. All serv ice providers and tourism planners must know why people want their products. However, there are many problems of determining tourism motivations. According to Seaton (1997) people rarely think about the underlying reasons for their actions. Motivations for activities may not bear too much self-critical scrutiny like sex tourism. over again tourism motivations often include contradictory impulses. Seaton (1997) typifies two such sets of debate desires Novelty and adventure (exploring a new place) vs. Familiarity and security (staying in a hotel with familiar comforts). Another problem is that it is often difficult to distinguish individual motives from socially constructed vocabularies of motives. People often give reasons for doing things that they have been programmed to give, none of which may constitute the real reason for a trip. According to Page (2003), if we are able to understand what prompts people to leave their homes and travel to new places, indeed we may be able to d evelop approaches that will help us to manage the tourists and their impacts and plan an enjoyable experience for them. More fundamentally, understanding tourist motivation may help to explain why certain places are more developed as successful tourism destination than others and and then continued to grow, stagnated or declined as tastes and fashions changed.

Religion is a Vital Part of Life :: Religion Religious Essays

Does religion re every last(predicate)y affect the way hatful live their daily lives? People believe that religion makes a bankrupt family and makes the world a better place to live. Many people descend religion so strongly that the future generations follow religion mediocre as hard. Some people come out to change religion for their make recognition. There seem to be those people who go to church for the recognition, hence those that who go and actually live by the word of God. So many a(prenominal) different kinds of religions realise sprung up, and with the different religions out there, it becomes hard to know which ones to study and which ones lead actually assistant with choices that the future generation will overcome. With the phase of religions we have to choose from straightaway, one religion suits everyone, but also will be known to helping change the past customs to mate the society today, help with the children and families, and also help with governments decisions for the future generations. With the world changing and growing daily, the key to sacred success comes from staying true to yourself through buddy-buddy and thin. With past rituals and rules, being successful in religion becomes difficult, according to a writer named Gary Wills (Wills). So by worshipping things like camels would not apply today because of the fact that we do not use camels anymore, could be changed to worshipping something along the lines of a car, or clothes, or a models body. Also, religious practices, much(prenominal) as abstinence based on todays religious beliefs, may not have applied back then because of the raw marriage age. Also, with the preachings done in the past, times have changed, and so have the sermons, in order to keep the people coming. With everything changing so fast, people seem to be changing along with the society, and so the only thing that keeps the church up to date with everything comes from the children.The children in fam ilies seem to help with the changing in the church. Since the children live in this generation, they tend to help the congregation change with the society. According to Rhonda Stock religion helps with a family setting. She raises all her children to follow in the Lords steps and she hopes that when they grow up and live their own lives, that they will see how well religion has modify their lives.