About Yoga History - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 741 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/07/31 Category Sports Essay Level High school Topics: Yoga Essay Did you like this example? Yoga has been around for more than 5,000 years. Some researchers believe that it may have even been created up to 10,000 years ago. Its history comes from many obscure places, but the main origins humankind has discovered it is through sacred texts. Early writings on yoga were written on very delicate palm leaves, so much of it got destroyed or damaged throughout the years. Yogas history can be divided into four significant periods of innovation, practice, and maturation (Singleton Mallinson, 2017). During the pre-classical yoga period, it was developed by the Indus-Sarasvati civilization in Northern India, more than 5,000 years ago. In one of the oldest discovered collections of texts containing yoga called the Rig Veda, songs, mantras, and rituals were written out to be used by the Brahmans who were the Vedic priests. Throughout the years, yoga was gradually altered by the Brahmans and Rishis, the mystic seers. They documented their practices in the Upanishads, a collections of text containing over 200 scriptures. These texts incorporated the principle of ritual sacrifice from the Vedas and teachings of the sacrifice of ego through knowledge, action, and wisdom (Singleton Mallinson, 2017). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "About Yoga History" essay for you Create order During the Classical Yoga time period, yoga became a combination of different ideas, beliefs, and techniques that actually conflicted each other. Classical yoga became known as Raja Yoga throughout time and was defined by Patanjalis Yoga-S? »tras. He laid out a path of yoga by splitting it amongst eight different stages toward reaching Samadhi, or enlightenment. Due to this structure he created, Patanjali become known as one of the fathers of yoga and greatly impacted many styles of contemporary yoga (Meet Indias 10 most renowned yoga gurus, 2015). After a few centuries passed, the Post-Classical Yoga period came around. Many yoga masters gradually altered the original yoga practice by focusing it more on rejuvenating the body and prolonging the practitioners life. They believed through physical activity, the yoga practitioner would be able to reach enlightenment more quickly. This technique became known as Tantra yoga. Physical-spiritual connections became a very popular yoga activity because of Tantra Yoga, which eventually led to the development of Yoga in the West, Hatha Yoga (Singleton Mallinson, 2017). The current time period society is in is called the Modern Period. Through the 1800s and early 1900s, yoga masters among the colonists began to travel to the West. Throughout their journey, they gathered many followers and spread their beliefs. Yoga initially started in the Parliament of Religions in Chicago in the West. Swami Vivekananda amazed the attendees with his lectures on the relationship among yoga and religion. He further explained its philosophy, benefits, and different poses. He ended up publishing more than 200 books on yoga, and founded nine ashrams and an immense amount of yoga centers throughout the world. During the 1920s, Hatha Yoga became very popular in India. The first Hatha Yoga school was opened in Mysore in 1924, and the Divine Life Society was founded a couple years later by Krishnamacharya. This society brought yoga practitioners together and produced three key students that would later promote Hatha Yoga around the world. These students were named B.K.S. ly engar, T.K.V. Desikarchar, and Pattabhi Jois (Meet Indias 10 most renowned yoga gurus, 2015). B.K. S. lyengar brought light to yoga abroad. Throughout his life, he struggled with diseases that made him physically and mentally weak. Seeking recovery, he turned to yoga and redefined what is now known as ?Iyengar Yoga. Supposedly, he could perform a yoga pose called the sirsasana, which is the headstand pose, for half an hour. As for Pattabhi Jois, he created Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga from Hatha Yoga. He based it off the ancient text called ?Yoga Korunta. Many celebrity practitioners, such as Madonna, Sting, and Gwyneth Paltrow, practice this type of yoga. Lastly, T.K.V. Desikachar lectured in the United States about how yoga heals. He also made it known that yoga can benefit every single individual, regardless of age and physical fitness, and can be tailored to the needs of the practitioner (Meet Indias 10 most renowned yoga gurus, 2015). In 1947, the first yoga studio to have the greatest impact on Western civilization opened in Hollywood by Infra Devi. Hatha yoga was taught there, thus attracting many Westerners and Indian teachers. They learned from her studio and spread their philosophies and practices throughout various countries. Since this time, Hatha Yoga has branched into several different styles, stressing certain aspects of its original style, but still containing the same philosophies (Singleton Mallinson, 2017).

The Representation Of Black Men And Women By Angela Davis...

While the representation of Black men and women is one that throughout the years has not often been given thought to by people outside of the Black community, in the Moynihan Report and essays and speeches by both Angela Davis and Malcolm X, we see how the representation of Black people has for years been detrimental to the progression of the Black community. Through careful analysis of several different texts, I will highlight the ways in which Black people have through the oppressive forces of negative representation been seen as inferior to their white counterparts and been held back because of those very same forces. The Moynihan Report, released in 1965, was a report that discussed the nature of the Black family and how the degradation of it stemmed from a lack of father figures and poor parenting by Black women. The Moynihan report specifically blames what it calls the â€Å"deterioration of the Negro family† solely upon the backs of Black women. The report moves through a racist, patriarchal framework that uses inaccurate data to paint Black families and parents as though they are incapable of stability and building their children into productive members of society. Although the report slightly references historical oppression and its effect on the African American family, it does not state the injustices done to Black people nor does it attempt to connect how they continually plague Black family structures. When it does reference them, it is only in relation to how BlackShow MoreRelated Black Women in Rap Essay6410 Words   |  26 PagesBack That Ass Up: A Discussion of Black Women in Rap †¦You can put it in your mouth I said your mothafuckin mouth I said your mothafuckin mouth And you could just eat me out What do ya choose to lick? You could eat me out Pussy or dick? Within the booming business that has become the rap world, certain musical themes and issues are more prevalent than most. In addition to such topics as drugs, alcohol and police brutality, a dominant theme within rap music is the denigrationRead MoreBlack Feminism : A Profound Effect On Society s History3616 Words   |  15 PagesIntroduction Black Feminism has proven to have a profound effect on society’s history, and is now beginning to impact even more this day and age. Black feminism is broader than what comes to mind. It is an essential component of black struggle against oppression and authority. Generally Black feminism is used to empower and liberate black women. Throughout the years many liberals have tried to exclude and silence black feminist. Black feminist have demanded for social, economic and political equalityRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesAllida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual

Weight Watchers Swot Analysis free essay sample

They target consumers who want to manage their weight through weight loss or weight maintenance. Their vision is to ensure Member satisfaction and retention by making Members feel cared for, well informed, part of the group and motivated to succeed. Weight Watchers has been around for 50 years and has developed their brand of providing weight loss services and products that make them a leading weight management service globally. The patented points program is based on a formula calculating the protein, carbohydrates, fat and dietary fiber content developed with consultation from a Scientific Advisory board. Each food is assigned a points value that reflects how the body breaks down food and converts it into energy. This Board is made up of world renowned medical experts to ensure that its weight loss plan is based on the most current scientific expertise. (Weight Watchers International) The Good Health Guidelines utilized by Weight Watchers are also recommended by the United States Department of Agriculture Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. (USDA) Weight Watchers offers a variety of support options to members who attend weekly meetings which are located in 30 countries around the world, weigh and go at store locations, attend meetings in their place of employment (At Work Meetings), or utilize the internet to participate in Weight Watcher’s services. Members are encouraged to share their struggles and successes. Struggles and successes are employed to motivate other members to achieve their weight loss goals by following the program and obtaining the proprietary tools offered for purchase. Members who reach their goal and maintain it for six weeks become Lifetime Members. Lifetime members maintain their membership by continuing to participate on a monthly basis. These members are free advertisements who attest to the success of the program. The meal plans are simple and the Points Plus system is very flexible. Each member receives a Daily Point Target (DPT) based on their height, weight, gender and age. The DPT represents the amount of food that each person should eat in a day. Foods that are low in fat and sugar tend to have lower point values and provide more volume to a meal or snack than less healthy options. Required foods are non-specific so the member is permitted to choose how they will consume required foods such as diary, healthy oil, and whole grains. All foods and drinks are permitted as long as the point value is calculated and accounted for when deducted from the DPT. Many members succeed in their weight loss efforts but not all members are successful. One of the biggest complaints of the program is that it offers slow weight loss. Our culture is one that appreciates immediate gratification. (The Associated Press, 2006) The competition offers much quicker weight loss methods. The success obtained by Lifetime members who worked for weeks, months and years to accomplish their goals is not nearly as appealing to the average consumer who is inundated with quick fix fad diets. (Speri) Weight Watchers offers a lifestyle change that reduces food intake. It is not designed as a quick fix but instead is one that promotes healthy lifestyle changes that gradually accomplish weight loss. The consumer’s cost for Weight Watchers is very low compared to other weight loss programs or at least it appears so up front. (Sugar) There are no meals, shakes, supplements or bars that are required to be purchased in order to participate in the program. The food that you eat on plan is very much the same food that one could purchase in any grocery store or restaurant. There are multiple periods of free registration throughout each year and the weekly fee is nominal at approximately $13. 00 per week. The problem with this is that there are many hidden costs at Weight Watchers. The proprietary point system is unlike any other weight loss system. Successful members utilize food scales and measuring cups to weigh and measure their food, pedometers and activity monitors to measure a person’s activity level, cookbooks, calculators and more. These products can all be purchased at lower prices from many convenience stores but they do not convert their information into point values the way that the Weight Watcher products do so many members purchase expensive Weight Watchers products to assist them with their weight loss journey. Additionally, the gradual weight loss concept requires members to attend for longer periods of time before they are able to reach a free Lifetime status. Lifetime members remain free if the member maintains their weight at no more than two pounds above their goal weight. Most people’s weight fluctuates regularly and fees are charged no matter what the reason for the weight gain. Weight Watchers has many opportunities to join with the medical profession to promote its science based plan. The Scientific Advisory Board that is hired to consult with Weight Watchers is made of Medical Professionals and the weight loss method is one that is promoted by most medical doctors even if they do not promote the Weight Watcher’s brand. USDA) The United States alone has determined that Obesity in America is common, serious and costly. (Fox News Latino) Weight Watchers has promoted a medical model for many years. An affiliation with the medical community would surely add value to the w eight management scientifically based model that is currently promoted at Weight Watchers. The United States First Lady, Michelle Obama, has brought additional light to the obesity epidemic and the need for American’s to manage their diets. Her â€Å"Let’s Move† initiative has gained the attention of the entire country. Weight Watchers is a healthy living model that combines healthy foods with more activity. Teaming up with fitness centers, exercise centers and schools will accomplish more together than the weight loss community or the physical fitness community can do on its own. A true healthy lifestyle includes eating right and moving more. (Grain Foods Foundation) Our quick fix society is one that shows little patience for counting calories or points utilized by slower burning weight loss programs. The competition has now gone beyond that which offers diets where certain foods are limited or forbidden, and some are replacing them with pre-cooked meals that are very high in sodium. These programs, including NutriSystem, do not promote weight maintenance following the program but they do promote mindless weight loss. Those who follow this program do not need to think about what to eat or how to prepare it as all of the meals and shakes are prepared, frozen and shipped to the dieter’s home. (â€Å"NutriSystem: Lose weight with meals conveniently delivered to your home†) Many diet programs eliminate foods and replace them with supplements. The Atkins diet, for example, restricts the dieter’s ability to consume carbohydrates. This means that all sugars including fruits and vegetables are minimized or omitted from one’s diet. It is not in line with a medical model approach for healthy weight loss but it does promote quick weight loss. Unfortunately, this does pose a threat to Weight Watchers as the weight loss experience in such a plan does satisfy the quick fix needs of those who opt for these types of plans. Frazier) In an attempt to make weight loss quicker and easier, the medical profession has taken to providing surgical procedures that reduce the size of the stomach by removing part of the small intestine. This procedure is very risky to one’s health and has a tremendous amount of medical complications associated with it. It is however, one that does not require that a person who has had the surgery to persevere delayed gratification and behavioral changes that are required when one loses weight following a weight loss program such as Weight Watchers. (Staff) For many consumers, quick weight loss is far more appealing despite the potential negative consequences.

Natural Resources And Topology Of South Africa Tourism Essay Essay Example

Natural Resources And Topology Of South Africa Tourism Essay Paper We would wish to analyze state south Africa on the footing of geographics, natural resources, Topology and at the terminal of the survey we came to cognize how the South Africa have the present state of affairs on the footing of geographics, natural, resources and Topology and how it is a different from our state and besides could cognize the benefits potencies from each other in footings of the merchandise which they can import from India or we can import deficit merchandises from south Africa. Let see something BASICs of South Africa. South Africa is the southmost state on the African one of the chief uninterrupted sweeps of land. It has a long history of societal issues and struggle like human rights but it has ever been one of the most economically successful states in southern states of Africa due to its coastal location and the presence of natural resources, diamonds and gold. We would wish to observe something about the history of South Africa We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Resources And Topology Of South Africa Tourism Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Resources And Topology Of South Africa Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Resources And Topology Of South Africa Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer By the fourteenth century C.E, the part was settled by the Bantu people who moved from cardinal Africa. 1488 South Africa was foremost occupied by Europeans. 1652 Lusitanian arrived at the Cape of South Africa. In following old ages, Gallic, Dutch and German colonists began to get in the part. In South Africa there were human rights favoritisms harmonizing white and black peoples. In 1994 Nelson Mandela was elected as South Africa s first black president and during Mandela s clip in office he was committed to reforming race-relations in the state and beef uping its economic system and topographic point in the universe. Now we would wish to travel on the chief subjects of our survey. Those are geographics, natural resources, and Topology GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH AFRICA For the better concern activities to cognize about the geographics of targeted state is really important. Because Numberss of peoples populating in certain country might more than in another country that can impact the market portion of the company every bit good as civilization, linguistic communication trial of clients and wonts. All these things can be different from country to country so there can be many menaces or chances to concern activities from country to country. So there was demand to cognize the geographics of the South Africa. South Africa is found at the southmost part of Africa, with a long coastline that reaches more than 2,500A kilometer ( 1,553A myocardial infarction ) and along with 2 oceans ( the South Atlantic and the Indian ) . At 12,19,912 km2 ( 4,71,011 sqA myocardial infarction ) , South Africa is the 25th-largest state in the universe and most of the state is classified as semi arid, it has considerable difference in clime every bit good as topology. South Africa is situated within the temperate zone. Which has an mean rainfall of 511 millimeters per annum, but has broad interfere and interregional differences with rainfall cut downing towards the West. This diverseness of local climes limits the negative effects of terrible drouths and offers some protection against general harvest failures. Location of South Africa is on the really southern tip of Africa ; it is a republic which is surrounded by land at the top and the two oceans, Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean. The Republic of South Africa is between 22 and 35 grades south latitude and 17 to 33 grades east latitude. The country of the state consists of 12,19,912 square kilo-meters. The Republic of South Africa covers an country of 122 million hectare and from which 18 million hectare is possible land for cultivation. 8 % the possible cultivable lands are under irrigation, which occupies for about half of the H2O demand in South Africa. With a population of 42 million and an estimated one-year population growing of -0.412 % , urbanisation and industrialisation will increase the force per unit area on the handiness of H2O resources and the allotment. South Africa is divided into nine states viz. Gauteng, Limpopo, Northern Cape, Mpumalanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, North West Province, Eastern Cape and Western Cape. We would wish to advert something facts for the peculiar country. EASTERN CAPE Area- 168 966 square kilometres Predominated languages- is isiXhosa ( 78.8 % ) , Afrikaans ( 10.6 % ) The Eastern Cape gets increasingly wetting agent from West to east. The West is largely semi-arid Karoo, except in the far South, which is temperate rain forest in the Tsitsikamma part. The seashore is by and large unsmooth with interspersed beaches. Most of the state is hilly to really cragged between Graaff-Reinet and Rhodes including the Sneeuberge, Stormberge, Winterberge and Drakensberg. The northern tropical woods mix with the more temperate forests of the South, making an interesting wood works of assorted species endemic to this part. 2. Free State Area- 129 825 square kilometres Predominated languages- is Sesotho ( 64.2 % ) , Afrikaans ( 12.7 % ) The Free State is situated on level boundless evident in the bosom of South Africa. The rich dirt and pleasant clime allow a booming agricultural industry. With more than 30,000 farms and the production of more than 70 % of the state s grain, it is known locally as South Africa s breadbasket. The state is high-lying, with about all land being 1,000 metres above sea degree. Around 2.8-million people live in Free State. The Free State can be highly cold during the winter months, particularly towards the eastern cragged parts. 3. GAUTENG Area- 16 548 square kilometres Predominated languages- is isiZulu ( 19.8 % ) , English ( 13.3 % ) , Afrikaans ( 12.4 % ) , Sesotho ( 11.6 % ) Gauteng s southern boundary line is the Vaal River and which separates it from the Free State. Gauteng is the lone landlocked state of South Africa with no foreign boundary line. Most of Gauteng is on the Highveld, high-level grassland ( circa 1,500A m/4,921A foots above sea-level ) . Between Pretoria and Johannesburg there are low parallel ridges and rippling hills. The North of the state is more semitropical, due to its lower height and is largely dry savanna home ground. Gauteng has cold winters and hot summers with hoar and the Hail is common during summer electrical storms. Most of research and development of South Africa s takes topographic point in Gauteng. Gauteng is home to many of the state s nucleus biotechnology companies. The state is extremely industrialised and urbanised. 4. Natal Area- 94 361 square kilometres Predominated languages- is isiZulu ( 77.8 % ) , English ( 13.2 % ) The state has three different geographic countries. The lowland part along the Indian Ocean seashore is highly narrow in the South, widening in the northern portion of the Kwazulu Natal. The cardinal part is the Natal Midlands, an undulating hilly plateau lifting toward the West. Third are the two cragged countries, the the Lebombo Mountains in the North and Drakensberg Mountains in the West. 5. LIMPOPO Area- 125 755 square kilometres Predominated languages- is Sesotho ( 52.9 % ) , Xitsonga ( 17 % ) , Tshivenda ( 16.7 % ) state s Johannesburg-Pretoria axis, the most industrialised tube pole on the continent. The state is at the Centre of regional, national, and international developing markets. The Limpopo contains much of the Waterberg Biosphere, a UNESCO-designated Biosphere Reserve. The Waterberg Biosphere, a massif of about 15,000A km2 ( 5,800A sqA myocardial infarction ) , is the first part in the northern portion of South Africa. Rich in natural beauty, civilization and wildlife, Limpopo has a booming touristry industry. In add-on to the Kruger National Park, there are several luxury private game militias with the 54 provincial militias. Valuable archeological artefacts have been discovered in the country. 6. MPUMALANGA Area- 76 495 square kilometres Predominated languages- is siSwati ( 27.7 % ) , isiZulu ( 24.1 % ) , Xitsonga ( 10.4 % ) , isiNdebele ( 10.1 % ) Mpumalanga falls chiefly within the grassland country. The Lowveld and the escarpment signifier a transitional zone between this grassland country and the savanna biome. The Province is a summer-rainfall country, with occasional winter snow on high land in the escarpment. The escarpment country sometimes experiences high land of snow. Thick mist is common during the humid and hot summers. Lake Chrissie is the largest natural fresh water lake in South Africa and is celebrated for its assortment of aquatic birds, peculiarly flamingos. 7. NORTH WEST Area- 106 512 square kilometres Predominated languages- is Setswana ( 63.4 % ) , Afrikaans ( 9 % ) Apart from a narrow strip of winter rainfall country along the seashore, the state is a semi waterless part because of small rainfall in summer. The conditions conditions are highly frigid and cold in winter, with highly high temperatures in summer. The country is known worldwide its dramatic one-year detonation of spring flowers which, for a short period every twelvemonth, attracts 1000s of tourers. The Northern Cape has a wealth of national Parkss and preservation countries. Here is the Orange River more impressive than at the Augrabies Falls, which ranks among the universe s largest cataracts on a major river. 8. NORTHERN CAPE Area- 372 889 square kilometres Predominated languages- is Afrikaans ( 53.8 % ) , Setswana ( 33.1 % ) The Northern Cape is South Africa s largest state, and distances between towns are tremendous due to its thin population. The south and south-east of the state is high-lying ( 1200m-1900m ) in the Roggeveld and Nuweveld territories. The West seashore is dominated by the Namaqualand part. it is celebrated for its spring flowers. This country is hilly to cragged. And it consists of Granites and other metamorphous stones. A summer-rainfall part, extremely cold in winter, temperatures range from up to 31AÂ °C in summer to every bit small as 3AÂ °C in winter. Sun City is one of the universe s biggest amusement Centres it is most celebrated attractive force of Northern Cape. With a casino, an 18-hole golf class, theaters and concert halls, beaches and a moving ridge pool at the Valley of the Waves. 9. Western CAPE Area- 129 462 square kilometres Predominated languages- is Afrikaans ( 49.7 % ) , isiXhosa ( 24.7 % ) , English ( 20.3 % ) Western Cape is the fourth-largest state of South Africa. The southern coastal country is fertile, and fishing is the most of import industry along the West seashore. Sheep agriculture is the Main support of the Karoo, and other signifiers of farming take topographic point in the better watered parts of the Western Cape. Saldanha, North of Cape Town, is South Africa s merely natural seaport, and noteworthy seaport for Fe exports and the fishing industry. Other towns include Stellenbosch and Worcester in the bosom of the winelands, George, a Centre for autochthonal lumber and vegetable production, Oudtshoorn, known for its ostrich merchandises and the world-famous Cango caves, and Beaufort West on the dry, sheep-farming fields of the Great Karoo. NATURAL RESOURCES OF SOUTH AFRICA As we know natural resources of any state is biggest wealth of that state. Because natural resources help to industrialization or economic development of that state so we found assorted natural resources of South Africa which executing as a wealth of South Africa. South Africa s most of natural resources are being obtained from mining industry. Equally good as there is a good developed fishing industry due to the long sea country. We mentioned dominant resources like GOLD PRODUCTION OF SOUTH AFRICA Up until a few old ages back South Africa was the universe s largest gold manufacturer. China surpassed South Africa as the universe s largest manufacturer of Gold in 2007. South Africa is estimated, by US Geological Survey, to hold 6000 metric dozenss of gold militias. 95 % of South Africa s gold mines are belowground operations, making deepnesss of over 3.8 kilometers. Coupled with worsening classs, increased deepness of excavation and a slide in the gilded monetary value, costs have begun to lift, which ensuing in the steady autumn in production. The hereafter of the gold industry in South Africa hence depends on increased productiveness of its gold. The chief gold bring forthing country is concentrated on the Archaean Witwatersrand Basin. The Witwatersrand basin, which has been mined for more than 100 old ages and it has produced more than 41000 metric dozenss of gold, remains the greatest undermined beginning of gold in the universe. CHROMIUM PRODUCTION OF SOUTH AFRICA South Africa is the universe s largest manufacturer of ferrochrome. South Africa holds approximately 70 % of the universe s entire chrome militias, largely located in the BIC ( Bushveld Igneous Complex ) ores, and produces 75 % of the universe s ferrochrome. Kazakhstan and India are other major manufacturers. South Africa produced an estimated 96,00,000 dozenss of Cr ore in 2011. Samancor Chrome is the 2nd largest ferrochrome manufacturer in the universe, with entire chromite resources transcending 650 million dozenss. COAL PRODUCTION OF SOUTH AFRICA South Africa is the 6th largest holder of coal in the universe with 31 billion tones of recoverable coal militias, i.e. 11 % of the universe s entire coal militias. Although most of the coal is consumed by the South African energy sector, with 77 % of the state s primary energy demands provided by coal. In South Africa there are three major coal manufacturers: BHP Billiton Energy Coal South Africa ; Anglo American Coal and Xstrata. Universal Coal s thermic coal undertakings are located in South Africa s Mpumalanga state a part traditionally rich in coal. 83 % of the entire sum of coal produced in South Africa is in Mpumalanga. MANGANESE PRODUCTION OF SOUTH AFRICA South Africa presently accounts for approximately 75 % of the universe s identified Mn. These largely occur near Hotazel in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. Harmonizing to the USGS, militias were estimated at 15 billion dozenss in 2011. South Africa was the universe s largest manufacturer of Mn in 2011, with the production of 3.4 million dozenss. NICKEL AND COBALT MINING PRODUCTION OF SOUTH AFRICA Most of South Africa s Ni and Co are produced as by merchandise of Pt excavation activities on the Bushveld Igneous Complex. Harmonizing to the USGS, South Africa produced 34,000 metric dozenss of Ni in 2009. PHOSPHATES PRODUCTION OF SOUTH AFRICA Foskor is one of the universe s largest manufacturers of phosphate and phosphorous acid. The Foskor Group comprises two chief excavation and production installations located in the Northern Province ( Limpopo ) of South Africa. PLATINUM GROUP ELEMENT PRODUCTION OF SOUTH AFRICA The PGE include Pt, Pd, gold, Rh, Ir, Os, Re and Ru. Platinum, Pd and Rh are produced in significant measures. South Africa is the largest manufacturer of Pt in the universe and holds a big per centum of planetary militias. Harmonizing to the US Geological Survey, South Africa s entire production of Pt is 140000 kgs and Palladium is 79000 kgs in 2009. Copper PRODUCTION OF SOUTH AFRICA Palabora, taking Cu manufacturer of South Africa s is located 360km north E of Pretoria, near to the Kruger National Park. Copper is besides produced at the Exxaro owned Black Mountain polymetallic mine near Aggeneys in the Northern Cape. Oil AND GAS PRODUCTION OF SOUTH AFRICA Harmonizing to the BP Statistical Energy Survey 2012, South Africa consumed an norm of 547.25 1000 barrels a twenty-four hours of oil in 2011, 0.64 % of the universe sum. South Africa is the taking economic power in Africa every bit good as a cardinal participant in the African oil industry. Today the state processes about 20 million dozenss per annum of petroleum and consumes 23 million dozenss of liquid fuel merchandises i.e. 45 % is gasoline and 26 % Diesel. The major liquid fuel markets are in the Gauteng country of South Africa IRON ORE PRODUCTION SOUTH AFRICA Harmonizing to the USGS, South Africa produced 53 million metric dozenss of Fe ore in 2009, doing it the universe s 7th largest manufacturer. It besides estimated, in 2009, that South Africa has 1000 million dozenss of petroleum ore militias and 650 million metric dozenss of Fe content militias. Most of South Africa s Fe ore militias are located in the Northern Cape of South Africa, adjacent to the monolithic Kalahari manganese field. India s Import of Iron Ore or Coal from South Africa Approximately 40 million metric metric tons of Fe ore are mined per annum in South Africa, of which about 12 million metric metric tons are consumed locally and 27 million metric metric tons are exported. Based on the import figures of the current fiscal twelvemonth, Indian authorities functionaries figure that India s coal imports from South Africa could good stop up at approximately 20 million dozenss of the entire 100 million dozenss coal imports expected by the terminal of current fiscal twelvemonth. As per authorities appraisal about 50 million dozenss of Fe ore for India s steel demands would hold been imported to run into the one-year jutting demand of 160 million dozenss. About half of this imported ore will be from South Africa. DIAMOND PRODUCTION OF SOUTH AFRICA South Africa has the most diverse scope of diamond sedimentations in the universe. South Africa produced 6,139,682.00 carats in 2009. South Africa produces in the part of 5 % of planetary production and is ranked seventh largest unsmooth diamond manufacturer in the universe. Company De Beers, which contributes in the part of 45 % of the universe s diamond market, shut down about 60 % of its operations in 2009. Petra Company has bought many mines antecedently owned by De Beers. Most production is sourced from kimberlite mines, followed by alluvials and so marine. Kimberlite mines are located chiefly in the cardinal northern parts of South Africa. Import of Diamond from South Africa India is taking its attempts at increasing India s relationships with major diamond-producing African states, and has created a comprehensive program to guarantee direct unsmooth diamonds imports from South Africa alternatively of Europe. India happens to be the universe s largest importer of unsmooth diamonds, every bit good as exporter of cut and polished diamonds. India is concentrating dialogues in South Africa that will assist guarantee India s strong standing in the diamond market. Namibia accounts for about 6 per cent of unsmooth diamond production, while Angola histories for 10 per centum. South Africa and Botswana history for 12 per centum and 25 per centum the universe s unsmooth diamond production, severally. TOPOLOGY RESOURCES OF SOUTH AFRICA In South Africa there is assorted agribusiness merchandises produces or grain cultivates harmonizing to climate state of affairs like temperature, dirt quality, H2O handiness, and accomplishments available in that peculiar country. As a consequence those countries are known for peculiar merchandises. We would wish to mentioned step production of merchandise harmonizing to country wise. CASHEW FOOD Cashew trees grow good at Pongola, Hluhluwe, Mtubatuba and Makhathini where the clime can be described as warm-subtropical. The Natal coastal part of north Empangeni, and the Pongola vale are suited countries of South Africa for Anacardium occidentale production. India provides a big Anacardium occidentale processing industry, and is dependent on over five-lakh ( 50,000 ) dozenss of natural Anacardium occidentales from South Africa. More than 60 states all over the universe receive Anacardium occidentale imports from India processing centres. Unfortunately, the Anacardium occidentales grown in India have caused concern in the market for hapless quality over recent old ages. Rice Presently, South Africa does non commercially produce any rice, chiefly due to the high H2O demands of the harvest in a by and large dry state. South Africa is dependent on rice imports to fulfill the local demand. India has exported rice to South Africa 27496 MT in 2011and 1, 02,205 MT in 2012* . Wheat The winter cereals comprises of the wheat, barley and oats. South Africa is said to be one of the major exporters of wheat to other states owing to the big production in the state. The chief countries of South Africa which are engaged in agribusiness include the Vaal and Crocodile. The Hart Rivers country excessively is actively engaged in farming. Equally much as 40,000-50,000 hectares of land is being planted with wheat in the countries of North West Province of South Africa. India does non bring forth adequate wheat to be self-sufficing. India can import wheat from South Africa. Corn Maize is produced throughout the state under diverse environments. Approximately 80 million dozenss of corn grains are produced in South Africa yearly on about 3.1 million Hector of land. Half of the entire production consists of white corn, for human nutrient ingestion. Maize is a warm conditions harvest and is non grown in countries where the average day-to-day temperature is less than 19 Â °C or where the mean of the summer months is less than 23 Â °C. SUGARCAN Most of the universe s sugar cane is grown between 22AÂ °N and 22AÂ °S, and some up to 33AÂ °N and 33AÂ °S.There are in the part of 42,300 registered sugar cane agriculturists in South Africa. Most agrarian takes topographic point in KwaZulu Natal state of South Africa. The South African sugar industry produces an estimated norm of 2.5 million dozenss of sugar per season. South Africa produced a sum of 2 273 499 dozenss in 2010/11 of which 1 399 657 dozenss was for the national market and 873 842 dozenss for the international market. Coffee The tree requires a warm clime and ample wet. At present no more than 200 hour angle of java are under production in South Africa, largely in KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga states. South Africa is a net importer of java and consumes more than 20 000 ton per annum. India has exported java to south Africa of Us dollar 30522 in 2011. Wool Wool is produced throughout the state. The largest proportion of the South African wool cartridge holder is from rough, low-rainfall countries than in the higher rainfall countries of the coastal belt and the Highveld. Approximately 91 % of the cartridge holder is produced in four states of South Africa, viz. the Eastern Cape, Western Cape, Free State and Northern Cape. South Africa export 10 % of its entire wool export to the India. MARINE FISHERIES South Africa has a coastline of some 2 798 kilometer, widening from the Orange River in the West, on the boundary line with Namibia, to Ponta make Ouro in the E, next to Mozambique. The western coastal shelf of South Africa is extremely productive, in common with other upwelling ecosystems around the universe, while the east seashore is less productive but has high species diverseness, including both local and Indo-Pacific species. So finally geographical features vary from states to states and harmonizing to that there is an agribusiness merchandises are green goodss and being exported. There are chief industry is mining in South Africa through which company obtains assorted natural resources as consequence of that natural resources South Africa s industrial and economic development has been enhanced. Foreword Education is merely the psyche of a society as it passes from one coevals to another . The survey of GCR ( Global Country Report ) was therefore assigned so that we enable ourselves with Geography, Natural Resources and Topology of South Africa. As instruction is non merely in books but in acquisition and acquisition does non stop with cognition of one s ain state but how can one state live in harmoniousness and function the involvement of other states besides. Therefore a planetary state study was prepared as a learning assignment and information was collected from assorted web sites and survey stuffs that helped us do a study to function the intent of the subject that was Geography, Natural Resources and Topology of South Africa. We gathered informations based on our research on South Africa s geographics, Natural Resources and Topology. This has helped to understand the kernel of a state as a whole. We observed the construction of South Africa like geographics, route denseness etc. We besides observed clime and continuance in South Africa. This survey helped us to understand features of land, characteristics of dwellers and phenomena of South Africa and besides temperature, humidness, atmospheric force per unit area, air current and rainfall features of South Africa. By: Mr. Ravi Kaswala Mr. Nitish Dawra Mr. Dhaval Moradiya Mr. Nilkesh Chikhaliya Mr. Mahesh Gogadani Mr. Nikhil Dhameliya Recognition We take the chance to show our gratitude to all the people who were associated with the devising of the study. This undertaking work has been the most practical and exciting portion of our larning experience, which would be an plus for my hereafter bearer. Many people have helped to make this undertaking and each of their part has been valuable. Proper organisation of construct and analysis of the undertaking is due to lament involvement and assisting manus of our professors and co-workers. We would wish to thank our undertaking guide Lecturer. Ankur Mehta, SRLIM College, SURAT who helped us to acquire the right information about the undertaking to be undertaken. In the other facet, we would wish to retrieve all the people who were ever at that place for us whenever we wanted their counsel despite of their busy agenda. We are extremely obliged to them for giving us good cooperation and bettering us knowledge during our preparation. Once once more thanks to all. By: Mr. Ravi Kaswala Mr. Nitish Dawra Mr. Dhaval Moradiya Mr. Nilkesh Chikhaliya Mr. Mahesh Gogadani Mr. Nikhil Dhameliya Table of Content Sr. no. Particulars Page No. 1 About South Africa 1 History of South Africa 1 Present trade relation India/Gujarat with South Africa 2 India and South Africa bilateral trade 4 Polices and Norms of India for import or export to the South Africa 5 2 Geography of South Africa 8 Eastern Cape 12 Free State 13 Gauteng 14 Kwazulu-Natal 15 Crocodile river 16 Mpumalanga 18 North West 19 Northern Cape 21 Western Cape 22 3 South Africa: Natural Resources 24 Gold overview of South Africa 24 Chromium Mining Overview Of South Africa 25 Antimony overview of South Africa 27 Coal mining overview of South Africa 27 Iron Ore excavation overview of South Africa 28 Manganese mining overview of South Africa 31 Nickel and Co excavation overview of South Africa 32 Chemical and fertiliser excavation in South Africa 33 Tin excavation of South Africa 33 Overview of rare Earth minerals 34 Uranium A ; Th excavation of South Africa 34 Diamond excavation overview of South Africa 35 Platinum group component of South Africa 37 Copper excavation overview of South Africa 38 Vanadium excavation of South Africa 38 Oil A ; gas overview of South Africa 38 4 Topology of South Africa 40 Cashew nutrient 40 Rice 41 Cultivation of Wheat 42 Maize 43 Sugarcane 44 Coffee 45 Wool 47 Nuts and Fruits 48 Marine Fisheries 48 5