Womens Pathways into Crime | Research Project

Womens Pathways into criminal offence Research ProjectEXPLORING WOMENS PATHWAYS INTO CRIME AT CHIKURUBI FEMALE PRISONWASHINGTON BONGANI NGULUBEIntroductionThe study of fe young-beacquiring(prenominal) nuisances has been restrain when comp bed to the study of male umbrages. This interrogation focuses on the why there has been an change magnitude in women participating or committing felonious activities in particular gird robbery at Chikurubi distaff Prison in Har be. This chapter go out high weakly the mount to the topic of study and the springs which prompted the investigator to purpose the look for (statement of the problem). The chapter leave al angiotensin converting enzyme in any case bring to light purpose of the study, inquiry questions, and significance of the study. Assumptions, delimitations and limitations atomic add up 18 eluded to in this chapter. Key terms which atomic human activity 18 evidentiary to exploring womens pathways into crime argon to a fault defined in this chapter.Background to the study there is a common perception that the illegal behaviour of women were non dependable problems. Women be more(prenominal) likely to commit minor offenses and kick in historic each(prenominal)y comprise a very sm lone(prenominal) proportion of the main population. But these facts masque a trend that is beginning to attract attention henceforth need the researcher to embark on the quest to get answers to these changes. The research seeks to arrest the reasons to why there has been an subjoin in womens conflict in criminal activities particularly armed robbery. The research will be conducted at Chikurubi Female Prison which is located in Harare, Zimbabwe. The student had the privilege to mass historic period at Parliament of Zimbabwe during the work related encyclopedism in 2013 and 2014. henceforth the research study is a result of the students observations composition working for the Parliament of Zimbabwe.The Women and Men in Zimbabwe periodic report in ZIMSTAT (2012) states that Zimbabwe has a population of virtu all toldy 12 973 808. Whereas, men constitute approximately 6 738 877 (48%) while women constitute 6 234 931 (52%). Harare is provided testify as the Province with the largest population of 16.2 portion of the total population in Zimbabwe (ZIMSTAT, 2012). More so, the Women and Men in Zimbabwe periodic report in ZIMSTAT (2012) further brings to light that 48 per centum of the womanly population is in the age conclave 15- 49. One would further beg that this is the reproductive age group among womanishs.The drastic rise in womens pathways into crime is fairly well(p) k todayn, little so is that the ranks of women crimes are increasing a great deal faster than those of their male counterparts. However, there are no ready statistics but police and romance cases show that the country now has a breed of female criminals, who are terrorizing the public and acting in caho ots with male accomplices. Women in Zimbabwe now cook the dexterity to pinch from financial coffers, carry out highway robberies beneficial up to raiding service stations while heavily armed to the teeth. About 3 499 people were kidnapped and robbed by pirate taxis and kombi drivers working in cahoots with female robbers countrywide last year (Butaumocho, 2014). Ibid further states that the situation is more pronounced in Harare where at least 1 cc cases of kidnapping and robberies by public transport drivers working in cahoots with female accomplices were recorded in the last quarter of 2013. One whitethorn argue that much(prenominal) cases of engaging in violent crimes like robbery submit for long been considered a male domain because of the risks involved that include collide with outs and highway chases that whitethorn result in death. Women evidently are now participants of such criminal activities.The pace at which women are universe convicted of serious offenses is pick ing up faster than the pace at which men are convicted. These dynamics motivated the student to embark into an academic research exploring the reasons to these changes (increase) amid the period 2011 and 2014. ZIMSTA (2011) notes that 432 females were im pris angiotensin-converting enzymed during the 3rd quarter of 2011. The total number of prison admissions in the 3rd quarter of 2011 change magnitude by 21 percent when compared to the 2nd quarter of 2011 while the number of new female prisoners increase by 10 percent in Zimbabwe. In comparison with the quaternary quarter of 2012, a total 9 111 prisoners were admitted into prisons, consisting of 8 509 males and 602 females. ZIMSTA (2012) 4th quarterly report further reveals that female prisoners increased by 31 percent in the period beneath view. Harare province recorded to be having the highest number female prisoners indicating 155 prisoners.What animates the studies is not so much song of offenders but the particular circums tances of the women and girls behind the numbers. The involvement of women in robberies power be a fairly new phenomenon in Zimbabwe, the problem is being experienced in a number of countries across the globe. However, Harare as the capital city of Zimbabwe is evidently recording the highest female crime participation rate.Statement of the problemThe student felt that there is a illustrious gap in literature and inadequate extensive research on the womens pathways into crime in Zimbabwe. When a woman commits a crime, the unwashed explanation is that it is involuntary, defensive or a result of round cordial illness or hormonal imbalance inherent in the female physiology. Engaging in violent crime for example, robbery has for long been considered a male domain because of the risks involved that include shoot outs and highway chases that whitethorn result in death. Zimbabwe seems to excite recorded a disturbing increase in the involvement of woman in armed robberies, rape and dif ferent criminal activities in the past 3 years. There is no crystalize explanation for the increase of female robbers or participation of women in criminal activities. Could this be a result of womens increased masculinity? Or the environment playing a significant influence on womens participation into crime? Is it as a result of gender ground violence? Such questions the research seeks to address in at Chikurubi Female PrisonSignificance of the studyThe study will shed light on what are the motivating factors which prompt the increase of womens pathways into crime particularly in armed robbery. It is of paramount importance to assess the pretend of the environment on the increase of womens pathways into crime. The significance of the study to the organizationThis research will be an eye opener for the Government and the Ministry of Justice, legal and Parliamentary Affairs and separate government parastatals (Police, correctional services) to come up with effective polices and interventions on improving social order and deal with these crimes.CommunitiesThis research will table service other women to avoid the pathways into crime and will second understand why other women participate in criminal activities. future(a) researchersThe increase of womens pathways into crime is a serious national and lodge problem which has to be addressed and thoroughly researched on. This research will uphold future researchers come up with ways to understanding the factors behind the increased womens pathways into crime.The researcherThe research will benefit the researcher as he aspires to further his studies in forensic psychology. Therefore, in carrying out this research, the researcher will gain valuable insight and knowledge into the subjects as he excessively fulfils the requirements to obtain an Honours Degree in Psychology.Research questionsThe research was establish on the following questionsWhat are the psychological factors contributing to womens pathways in to crime?What are the contribution of socio-economic factors leading to womens pathways into crime?How does finale influence womens pathways into crime?AssumptionsThe research was based on the effrontery thatWomen are weaker than men.Purpose of the studyThe sole purpose of the research was to check up on the mitigating factors to increase of women participation into crime particularly in armed robbery. The research utilize the results to implement effective ways to help women in prisons to rule and it will also help to understand why women commit such criminal offences.Delimitations of the studyThe study was confined to focusing on pathways into crime and having women prisoners as the research subjects.LimitationsDisclosure The researcher encountered a challenge in gathering information regarding womens involvement and participation in criminal activities at CFP as they considered the information to be highly sensitive. Obtaining information from the subjects whitethorn also be a challenge. Therefore, the researcher sought permission send-off from the Department of Prisons Services Headquarters.Data collection procedures Data can be unreliable in the event participants choose not to participate. The researcher used popcorns and chips as incentives in order to motivate participates of participate.Time and financial constraints This research was conducted concurrently with final year modules. Time to effectively cover all issues and aspects involved in carrying out a proper research was restricted. There were a lot of resources needed for printing, internet research, typing and travelling which also put strain on the available resources. Therefore, the researcher came up with a budget and sequence plan which guided the researcher in cost-effective time and resource allocation.Definition of termsWomenThese are adult female humans (Wehmier, 2005).PathwaysThese are plans along or a way of achieving some(a)thing (Wehmier, 2005).CrimeThis refers to those acti vities which break the law of the land and are subject to official penalization (Haralambos,0000).SummaryThis chapter provided the spinal columnground to the area of study as well as highlighting the statement of the problem. The significance of the study, assumptions, purpose of the study, limitations and delimitations have also been addressed. This chapter also outlined the research questions. More so, the relevant terms to the research have been defined.Case study Impact of subject 1 DiabetesCase Study Impact of Type 1 DiabetesTitle Knowledge essential for closing making in adult nursingIntroduction.This essay is primarily around the come to of Type 1 diabetes on a particular enduring. It will consider not only the relevance of Type 1 diabetes to the patient and how they coped with it, but, in this particular case, how they also dealt with the health deflexion of the phylogeny of a particularly severe computer encircling(prenominal) neuropathy and the impact that th e latter had on both(prenominal) their quality of manner and their lifestyle. It is notable that the maturation of this complication had an impact not only on the patient, but also on both the family and his other informal carers.There is no consent form for this essay as the patients details have been annonymised.Rationale for choice of thickening and the health deviation. (200 words )This essay will consider the case of Mr. J who is a 54 yr old postman. He was found to have Type 1 diabetes four years ago which was promptly diagnosed and brought under ascendency with Insulin. Over the last six months he had developed poignant legs and feet. Initially he ignored this, putting it down to just getting older and circulation. It got progressively worse however, to the point that he could not work. He took early effment, a move which he later regretted. He was diagnosed with computer peripheral diabetic neuropathy. It was notable that Mr. J initially entered as a particularly st oic individual who made light of every adversity. His subsequent outgrowth of the neuropathy and retirement seemed to generate a marked change in his advent to life. He became withdrawn and resentful and difficult to live with. This was a study factor in his treatment plan.My initial contact with Mr. J came in the context of a primary health care setting when he presented at the diabetic clinic for a follow up appointment. He appeared to be particularly negative about his condition and we got into a conversation. I became implicated in his situation and followed him up in some detail.Pathophysiology of the health deviation and its effect on the client. ( 1400 words).This essay is primarily about Mr. J and his peripheral neuropathy. This section will begin however, with a brief overview of the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitusDiabetes mellitusThere are two primary types of diabetes mellitus Types 1 and 2. Type 1 diabetes occurs when there is an autoimmune process which culmina tes in the destruction of the cells of the pancreas together with a consequent reduction in the amount of circulating Insulin produced. (Meigs, J.B et al. 2003).Type 2 diabetes occurs when the circulating levels of insulin are insufficient to effectively control the glucose levels within normal limits. In clinical terms, this results in a high blood sugar level in standstill with high levels of circulating Insulin. A number of studies have suggested that Type 2 diabetes accounts for more than 95% of all cases. (Narayan, K.M et al. 2003).In broad terms, the control of both types of diabetes mellitus requires rigorous attention to dietary intake of carbohydrates and calories and a controlled transaction regime. Type 1 diabetes is invariably treated with insulin and Type 2 diabetes whitethorn be controlled with diet alone (with or without weight loss) and the possibility of oral exam hypoglycaemic drugs.Peripheral diabetic neuropathyPeripheral diabetic neuropathy is a relatively common complication of diabetes mellitus and some studies suggest that it can affect up to 50% of diabetic patients (viz. Boulton A J M et al. 2000). The knowledge of the neuropathy is a feared complication as it is likely to predispose the patient to a number of sequelae including varying degrees of functional limitation together with the possibility of unremitting inconvenience oneself-importance and motor unsteadiness. (Reiber G E et al. 1999). Its end stage sequelae include balky diabetic foot ulceration and amputation. (Pecoraro R E et al. 2000). Virtually all of these elements are associated with very substantial health care costs, quite away from major socio-economic consequences such as loss of work time and a reduced quality of life. (Rathman W et al. 2003)A number of studies (viz. Vileikyte L 1999 and Vileikyte L et al. 2005) have presented the association of peripheral diabetic neuropathy with depressive illness. This is draw inly relevant to Mr. J in this case and t herefore will be explored in some detail. The literature on the subject is contradictory with the meta-analysis by de Groot (de Groot M et al. 2001) determination little evidence to abide the association. It is fair to comment that part of the reason for this apparent discrepancy may be due to the reason that there was a considerable variation in the techniques used to diagnose peripheral diabetic neuropathy which meant that different populations were included in different studies. (Boulton A J M et al. 1999)This comment is based on the discovery that different types of case fibre are affected in different types of peripheral diabetic neuropathy and in different individuals. It follows that more than one modality of testing is required to establish a diagnosis. A second factor is that the severity of the neuropathy, as determined by objective testing, actually correlates poorly with the subjects assessment of their distressingness levels. Patients (such as Mr. J) who have high l evels of perceived pain, may have remarkably preserved sensory function on clinical testing. Some authorities have argued that this may demonstrate a rudimentary processing component to the subjective appreciation of the pain from neuropathy.It is known that less that 10% of patients who have a peripheral diabetic neuropathy have poorly painful symptoms and many experience no symptoms of pain at all. (Chan A W et al. 1999)The pathophysiology of peripheral diabetic neuropathy still remains unknown in any detail but there is evidence that metabolic and ischaemic components are implicated. (Leon C et al. 2007). Chronic hyperglycaemia is known to be associated with undersized blood vessel disease and therefore reduced blood feast to the nerves. It is also known to interfere with myoinositol, sorbitol and fructose metabolism, all of which are essential for nerve activity. (Dyck P J B et al. 2003)There is also legal opinion to be a mechanism of oxidative stress that is grievous. Fre e atomic number 8 radicals (produced in diabetes mellitus) activate protein kinase C which has been shown to produce damage to nerve cells.A number of papers show that there is a link betwixt the degree of control of the diabetes mellitus, the length of time since diagnosis and the eventual development of peripheral diabetic neuropathy (viz. Pirart J 1977)Consider how this health deviation impacts upon the clients go through health care. (500 words)In consideration of the specific case of Mr. J, one can note that his diabetes mellitus was diagnosed four years ago. He presented with the classic symptoms of suddenly feeling unwell, frequency of urination and increasing thirst (polyuria and polydypsia). He was mightily and promptly diagnosed by the GP and referred to the local diabetic clinic where he was fleetly brought under control with injected insulin. Mr. J proved to be a unattackable patient. Considerations of empowerment and education of the patient paid dividends with M r. J rapidly learning about his condition and he became very competent in managing it on a day to day tail end, learning how to adjust the insulin doses himself. (Howe A et al. 2003).The impact of the development of his peripheral diabetic neuropathy cannot be overstated. It was responsible for his decision to retire early, a decision which he rapidly regretted. He became depressed and withdrawn, pickings little pride in his appearance and less care with his glycaemic control. He was initially treated with anti depressants (with marginal success). At the time of written material he is undergoing a course of cognitive behaviour therapy to try to regenerate the situation.His HbA1 levels, which were initially exemplary, became erratic and are only now coming back to normal levels.His peripheral diabetic neuropathy was diagnosed with the specialist using a number of diagnostic tools including electro-diagnostic studies (EDS), cardiovascular autonomic function testing (cAFT) together with personal examination scoring, quantitative sensory testing (QST) (Meijer J W G 2002)It is known that peripheral diabetic neuropathy is notoriously resistant to treatment. There are four basic elementscausal treatment aimed at (near)-normoglycemia,treatment based on pathogenetic mechanisms,symptomatic treatmentavoidance of risk factors and complications.(CS 1998)At this time the only specific treatment licensed for peripheral diabetic neuropathy is alpha-lipoic acid. This may be assisted by specific analgesics such as duloxetine and pregabalin, other treatment is symptomatic and the treatment of subsidiary factors (such as alcohol intake, hypertension, fastball and cholesterol control) to prevent a worsening of the condition.Potential influences of the health deviation on the long term well being of the client and family significant others. ( 600 words )The impact of Mr. Js condition on the life of the family has been considerable. All family members were very positive about his primary diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. His development of secondary conditions such as the peripheral diabetic neuropathy and the depression were farthermost more challenging. Mrs J complained that he was difficult to live with, lost all interest in sexual matters, had poor self esteem and started to self neglect. The primary health care diabetic nurses spent as much time supporting (empowerment and education) Mrs J as they did Mr. J. It remains to be seen how Mr. J progresses with his cognitive behaviour therapy and his depression. Mrs J blames his early retirement on the development of his depression rather than the peripheral diabetic neuropathy.One can only hope that Mr. J does not progress to foot ulceration and a further reduction in his quality of life.Learning gained. (150) words.The research that I have done into this condition has given me a must more complete knowledge of the pathophysiology of peripheral diabetic neuropathy together with the treatment and support t hat is necessary for both the patient and his informal carers. It has become quite clear that it is simply not sufficient to control the diabetes mellitus, the patient and their extended family will need huge amounts of both information and support if their condition is to be optimally managedSpecifically I have realised just how important it is to make a holistic assessment of the patient at the early opportunity, to gain an empathetic bond early on so that it becomes easier to commit problems at their earliest stage rather than waiting for the patient to present them at a stage when they are more difficult to manage. (Marinker M.1997) destruction (50 words) .This essay revolves around the appreciation of how difficult some patients find it to suit to the illness role when they have been fit and active throughout their lives. It is one of the challenges of the good healthcare professional to understand and to pre-empt some of these adaptive processes to help their patients accom modate this transition. (Newell N et al. 1992). I believe that Mr. J has made some progress with dealing with his condition but there is clearly a long way yet for him to go.References Boulton A J M, Gries F A, Jervell J A (1999) Guidelines for the diagnosis and outpatient management of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Diabet Med 15 508 514, 1999Boulton A J M, Malik R A, Arezzo J, Sosenko J M (2000) diabetic neuropathy technical review. Diabetes sustenance 27 1458 1487, 2000Chan A W, MacFarlane I A, Bowsher D R (1999) Chronic pain in patients with diabetes mellitus comparison with non-diabetic population. Pain Clinics 3 147 159, 1999CS (1998) Consensus statement trace and recommendations of the San Antonio conference on diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care 11 592 597, 1998de Groot M, Anderson R, Freedland K E, Clouse R E, Lustman P J (2001) Association of depression and diabetes complications a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med 63 619 630, 2001Dyck P J B, Sinnreich M. (2003) Diabetic Neuropathies. 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