Polyvinylchloride (PVC) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Polyvinylchloride (PVC) - Essay Example PVC is profoundly precarious and subsequently it requires adjustment which should be possible in a few different ways. One of the basic ways is counteraction of dehydrochlorination. This procedure includes the expansion of different mixes like metal oxides so as to stop or moderate dehydroclorination. The greater part of the monetarily accessible PVC is comprehended to be anamorphous glass like polymer that has crystalline structure. These crystallites are comprised of not many monomers that are masterminded syndiotactically. In that capacity, the appearance seems, by all accounts, to be streaming grains that has essential totals installed in them. It is frequently asserted that there are sub-essential particles installed in the streaming grains yet this has stayed disputable. The PVC’s stage structure consolidates with a few mixes, for example, chlorinated polyethylene (CPE), ethylene-vinylacetate copolymer (EVA) and acrylo-nitrile-butadiene elastic (NBR). This stage is predicated upon similarity just as procedure temperature and mixing during mechanical mixing. An expansion of the temperature during mechanical preparing of PVC to levels higher than the basic levels suggested for first degree molecule combination prompts move. The move prompts a reversal whereby there is a higher elastic substance with 30% being non

Red Badge Of Courage Essays (1368 words) - The Red Badge Of Courage

Red Badge Of Courage The Red Badge of Courage, by Steven Crane, has been declared one of the most noteworthy war books ever. It is a story that sensibly portrays the American Civil War through the eyes of Henry Fleming, a conventional homestead kid who chooses to turn into a fighter. Henry, who is battling for the Union, is very resolved to turn into a legend, and the story delineates Henrys journey from being a youthful weakling, to a daring man. This journey is the exemplary outing from blamelessness to experience. The story begins with a warmed discussion between the officers. One kid had heard talk that the regiment would be proceeding onward to face a conflict the following day. A portion of the fighters concur with this kid, while others feel that their regiment will never participate in a genuine fight. While watching this contention, Henry, the hero, concludes that he would prefer to go set down and think rather then partake in the warmed contention between the fighters. Henry, a basic homestead kid, is somewhat energized when he hears the gossip that they will be battling soon. It had consistently been a fantasy of his to battle in a war, and become a legend, and now his fantasy was working out as expected. Henry starts to consider what life resembled before he entered the military, and recollects the accounts of war he has gotten notification from old veterans. This flashback is extremely powerful in indicating how his past encounters have influenced his contemplations on war now. It is unmitigatedly clear that he is worried about the possibility that that he won't have the option to withstand the weights of a fight. He continues revealing to himself that in the event that he needs to turn into a saint, he can not flee. He should stand out the fight with the remainder of his confidants. While walking along, Henry sees the main cadaver he has ever observed. He shows feel sorry for the man, on the grounds that the dead man had kicked the bucket in such poor conditions. The spirits of his shoes were worn exposed. At the point when Henry sees the body, he starts to think about whether his officers really comprehend what they are doing. He feels that the officers are driving him directly into a snare, directly into the center of the renegades. Henry bargains with his dread of fight by acting haughty. He goes about as though he has been in a thousand fights, and whines about the strolling, despite the fact that the peruser knows that he would prefer to walk perpetually then go to fight as of right now. It shows one of Henry's guard instruments, how he utilizes his egotism to stow away his blamelessness. Regiment 304 proceeds onward to fight the following day. Henry turns out to be very terrified, yet is too glad to even consider talking to any of the others fighters about his feelings of dread. All the warriors are extremely restless to battle in the war, and Tom and Henry talk about how they won't flee from war, and how they need to turn into big time war legends. This is amusing, in light of the fact that toward the finish of the book their desires work out as expected. At the point when the fight begins, all the warriors get restless and anxious. Tom and Henry don't end up being as bold as they imagine that they could be. While covering up, Tom discovers Henry, and gives him a manila envelope of letters for his family. Tom accepts that this will be his first and his last fight. Henry winds up satisfying his most exceedingly terrible bad dream. Rather than standing out the fight with the remainder of his regiment, he holes up behind some brush so as to save himself from biting the dust. He tunes in on the fight, and to quite a bit of his shock, he hears cheering based to what's left side of his regiment. He at that point takes off into the forested areas out of frustration. While going through the forested areas his still, small voice starts to address him. His still, small voice considers him a defeatist, and a betrayer. Out of blame, Henry runs back to the fight site, and meets again with his regiment. These activities demonstrated Henry's development, and want to be a war saint. At the point when Henry gets together his regiment and more established worn out man starts to have a conversation with him. The elderly person asks Henry where yeh hit, ol' kid? which means, where he got shot. With enormous sentiments of blame, Henry shrugs from the man and runs once again into the forested areas. From behind a tree, he takes a gander at all the injured fighters. Now and again he respected

How to Write Term Papers Effectively

How to Write Term Papers EffectivelyIf you have decided to write term papers you are making a wise decision. Term papers are very easy to write, and you can learn a lot from articles on the web. However, you will need to know the basics before you can begin.You need to know what your assignment is. You need to know what the topic of your paper is going to be. That will help you decide which type of paper you need to write. Also, depending on the type of assignment you have, you may want to do more than one.Use a good dictionary for the grammar in your term papers. You want to be able to say it all properly. You can write the essay using keywords or try to get a better understanding of them.Learn how to read. It is amazing how many students take their tests for granted. You have to take some time to learn to read and understand sentences, and you need to practice that.Grammar is not that hard, but it is easy to forget when you are concentrating on getting it right. You need to use sen tence completion, spelling check, and to be able to correct your own grammar. You can go to help sites like Grammar Network or Word Clearinghouse.You can read from an essay at the high school level. You can also purchase books or go to the library and find out how to write it. You can even find free information online.You need to be able to spell check, because you will be using it often. It can be hard to write an essay correctly the first time, so this will make it easier. Plus, you will be able to proofread, and save yourself a lot of money.If you want to write term papers quickly, you should have a word processing software or program on your computer. It can be very handy when you can just type up your term papers and let it do the work for you. Once you get the hang of it, you will want to use the program more often.

Red and White Mulberry Information and Identification

Red mulberry or Morus rubra is native and widespread in the eastern U.S. It is a rapid-growing tree of valleys, flood plains, and moist, low hillsides. This species attains its largest size in the Ohio River Valley and reaches its highest elevation (600 meters or 2,000 feet) in the southern Appalachian foothills. The wood is of little commercial importance. The trees value is derived from its abundant fruits, which are eaten by people, birds, and small mammals. The white mulberry, Morus alba, is native to China and has several differences including size, foliage, and color of fruit. Fast Facts: Red Mulberry Scientific name: Morus rubraPronunciation: MOE-russ RUBE-ruhFamily: MoraceaeUSDA hardiness zones: 3a through 9Origin: Native to North AmericaUses: Bonsai; shade tree; specimen; no proven urban toleranceAvailability: Somewhat available, may have to go out of the region to find the tree Native Range Red mulberry extends from Massachusetts and southern Vermont west through the southern half of New York to extreme southern Ontario, southern Michigan, central Wisconsin and southeastern Minnesota; south to Iowa, southeastern Nebraska, central Kansas, western Oklahoma and central Texas; and east to southern Florida. It is also found in Bermuda. Description Size: 60 feet tall; 50 foot spreadBranches: Dense branches that droop as the tree grows, and will require pruning for clearance; should be trained to a single leader.Leaf: Alternate, simple, broadly ovate to roughly orbicular, pointed, 3 to 5 inches long, serrate margin, even base, rough and fuzzy undersidesTrunk and Bark: Showy trunk; Gray colors with flattened and scaly ridges.Flower and Buds: Small and inconspicuous flowers with off-center buds; usually dioecious but can be monoecious (both male and female flowers on different branches); male and female flowers are stalked axillary pendulous catkins and appear in April and MayFruit: Reddish black and resembling blackberries; reach full development from June to August; composed of many small drupelets developed from separate female flowers ripening togetherBreakage: Susceptible to breakage either at the crotch due to poor collar formation, or the wood itself is weak and tends to break. Special Uses Red mulberry is noted for its large, sweet fruits. A favored food of most birds and a number of small mammals including opossum, raccoon, fox squirrels, and gray squirrels the fruits also are used in jellies, jams, pies, and drinks. Red mulberry is used locally for fence posts because the heartwood is relatively durable. Other uses of the wood include farm implements, cooperage, furniture, interior finish, and caskets. In landscape use. the species is considered invasive and fruits cause a mess on walks and driveways. For this reason, only fruitless cultivars are recommended. Differentiating White Mulberry When compared to red mulberry, the white mulberry has several key differences:Size: Smaller, at 40 feet tall and 40 foot spreadBranches: Less dense with fewer branchesLeaf: Brighter green, smoother, and more rounded with uneven basesTrunk and Bark: Brown with thick and braiding ridgesFlower and Buds: Centered budsFruit: Less sweet, smaller, and lighter in color, with creamy brownish white berries that start as green, purple, or even black; only females bear fruit Red and White Mulberry Hybrids Red mulberry hybridizes frequently with white mulberry, which has become naturalized and somewhat more common than its native sister throughout parts of the Eastern United States.

5 Ways to Stay Motivated in Distance Learning

Evolution And Evolution Of Evolution - 2356 Words

For centuries humans have been left wondering how they were made and where they came from. Many found hope in the name of god. They had no choice to believe that they were created by god, different cultures having their own beliefs and ideas. However, in the modern era there is a different ideology, people have started to think logically and science has come a long way. It is now believed that evolution has resulted in the changes on planet Earth and human kind was not just simply created by a ‘God’. What is evolution? What was Charles Darwin’s contribution to ideas about evolution? Biological evolution is the descent of organisms with modifications. Simply, the central idea of evolution is that all life forms which exist as of now or had†¦show more content†¦Gradualism o New species are not created suddenly, but gradually 5. Natural Selection o Change happens mainly through variation between individuals, therefore some modifications give the specific specie extra survival probability Darwin considered all these theories as part of one grand idea at the time, as he thought that they all occur together at the same time. How was it possible to prove all these theories? Well there have been a lot of evidence left over for scientists to observe. What are fossils? One of the most helpful forms of evidence are fossils. Fossils are the remains of past life which have been preserved in rocks, soil or amber over a long period of time. They are the remains of hard parts of organisms, mainly bones and shells. There are four types of fossils: FIgure 1: A tablet displaying Trace Fossils 1. Trace Fossils These fossils are the preserved evidence of an animals activity or certain behavior, rather than any actual remains of the organism. 2. Fossils with organic material preserved As animals are deceased and degraded over time, some remains can undergo a variety of changes during fossilization; therefore some organic matter can be preserved in the fossil. 3. Mineralized fossils Such fossils are formed when organic matter in remains is gradually replaced with different types of minerals, eventually converting them into remains such as ‘rocks’. 4. Impression

Mobile Technologies Knowledge and Society

Question: Discuss about the Mobile Technologies Knowledge and Society. Answer: Introduction QR code, also known as Quick Response Code, is identified as a two dimensional matrix barcode. The concept of this was seen to be first initiated for automotive industry in Japan. This particular code is seen to use optical label, which contains necessary information about the item, which is seen to be attached. As the implementation of the code became popular, some of the other applications of the code were observed in general marketing, product tracking, item identification, time tracking and document management. The purpose of the report is to see the relevant marketing opportunities and discuss about how the other forms of the interactive content or information may be developed. Stages of the consumer decision?making process where QR codes can be of particular relevance Every marketer needs to decide certain parameters to figure out the factors, which are related to identify the personal consumption process. The five stages of the consumer decision-making process have been identified in form of need recognition, searching for the information, which has been gathered. Third process of the consumer decision-making process involves evaluating the alternatives, deciding the Actual Purchase of the Product or the Service and evaluation of the post purchasing decisions (Managementstudyguide.com. 2017). Based on the consumer decision-making process the application of the QR code is seen to applicable in first stage while evaluating the need of the actual buying of the product or service. The rationale for the application in the fifth stage of evaluation of the post purchasing decisions has been seen in terms of offering additional services. These can be seen in form of providing additional information on the various types of the products purchased by the consumers. This example drawn from McDonalds such as showing the nutritional value is seen to be present in the fifth stage of the consumer decision-making process. Marketing opportunities with QR codes in the service sector and using relevant examples The various types of the marketing opportunities with the QR code has been seen to be evident in form of the building a responsive customer base and forming various types of the communities which are seen to be contributing for the overall growth in the business (Korhan 2017). Some of the examples of the application of the technology in the relevant sectors have been shown below as follows: Retail Sector Customers are able to scan a QR code and look for product specifications. It can also used for reviewing the products. Some of the well-known companies to implement the same has been identified in terms of Nordstorm, Rebecca Minkoff, Top Shop, Walgreens and (Amazon Umbel. 2017). Financial Sector The adoption of QR code in the finance sector has been seen in improving the ease and convenience in making payments through mobile. For instance- Toyota Financial Services has introduced QR codes on billing statements (Staff 2013). Health Services In health care services, the implementation of this technology enables quick booking of an appointment with the doctor. Public Sector Transport In several cities such as Austin and Texas public transport has introduced QR code where the travelers can scan the QR code to find the running time of the buses along with a map for each bus which will arriving at the stop (Qrdecoder.net. 2017). Bypassing of multiple layers of distribution and support marketing in service sectors In the given case study it has been shown how company such as Gallerie has streamlined their operations by offering the customers to search for the information associated to recipes, health related issues and ingredients. Some of the instant benefit of incorporation of such technology can be seen in terms of reducing the advertising costs, forming of a community and integrate the same in the various types of the social media platforms such as twitter and Facebook. Some of the main advantages seen in terms of the distribution of the product have been identified in form of easy tracking, thereby providing several benefits in terms of the distribution cycle (VCCircle 2017). Relevance of perceived risk of products within the services sector The QR codes are linked to the relevant service. Such as in, ad magazines the consumers are able scan the QR code for a particular product get a detailed specification. In this way, the consumers are able to get the specific details about the features of the product and perceiving the risk associated. Some of the main advantages of this have been seen in terms of comparing the product features, warranty benefits and product pricing. In terms of the wine purchases, the implementation of QR code has been seen in terms of wine purchase decision. The technology of the QR code has influenced in negotiating the consumers for complex purchase process. Various types of research results have been able to suggest that the application of the QR code has influenced the wine purchasing decisions (Aijcrnet.com. 2017). It has been further observed that the consumers that consider themselves as wine connoisseurs are interested in wine that is produced locally, organically, or sustainably are more li kely to employ technology in their wine purchase decision. The main theory of the service marketing is observed in terms of the considerations theory. The consumers are able to simplify the overall purchasing decision by using the QR technology (Watson, McCarthy and Rowley 2013). Other forms of interactive content and/ information which may be developed to support service operations and customer satisfaction in the future Some of the various types of the other interactive process for the supporting the service operations and customer satisfaction in the future has been seen in terms of upgrading of the present services. For example, the services provided by the online television companies and internet radio can offer upgrade facility to the consumers by using of QR codes. This will also enable their decision for the upgrading of the service by a single click of a button (Cata, Patel and Sakaguchi 2013). Some of the other benefits have been further seen in terms of the providing the support services, in terms of after sales services. The provisions provided for the after sales services can be directly be seen in terms providing the consumers with the options to book for a service appointment. Some of the other benefits has been identified in terms of the various types of the suggestions offered for the improvement in the overall services offered by the feedback provided (Ryu 2013). Conclusion The discussions of the report have been able to show how the theories of the service marketing can be used in QR code technology implementation. The main advantages of the study have been further identified in terms of the first and the fifth stage of the consumer decision-making process. The study has been further able to show the various types of the advantages in retail, financial services, health services, public sector utilize and transport. Some of the other benefits has been identified in terms of reducing the advertising costs, forming of a community and integrate the same in the various types of the social media platforms such as twitter and Facebook. Some of the other discussions have been able to state on the relevance of perceived risk of products within the services sectors. Reference List Aijcrnet.com. (2017). [online] Available at: https://www.aijcrnet.com/journals/Vol_4_No_5_May_2014/5.pdf [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Cata, T., Patel, P.S. and Sakaguchi, T., 2013. QR code: A new opportunity for effective mobile marketing.Journal of Mobile Technologies, Knowledge and Society,2013, p.1. Korhan, J. (2017).How QR Codes Can Grow Your Business : Social Media Examiner. [online] Socialmediaexaminer.com. Available at: https://www.socialmediaexaminer.com/how-qr-codes-can-grow-your-business/ [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Lorenzi, D., Vaidya, J., Chun, S., Shafiq, B. and Atluri, V., 2014. Enhancing the government service experience through QR codes on mobile platforms.Government Information Quarterly,31(1), pp.6-16. Managementstudyguide.com. (2017).Stages in Consumer Decision Making Process. [online] Available at: https://www.managementstudyguide.com/consumer-decision-making-process.htm [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Qrdecoder.net. (2017).QR Codes in Transportation - QRDecoder.net. [online] Available at: https://www.qrdecoder.net/qr-codes/qr-codes-in-transportation.php [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Ryu, J.S., 2013. Mobile marketing communications in the retail environment: a comparison of QR code users and non-users.International Journal of Mobile Marketing,8(2), pp.19-29. Staff, V. (2013).QR Code Adoption Use in the Financial Services Industry. [online] Blog.vyasystems.com. Available at: https://blog.vyasystems.com/blog/qr-code-adoption-use-in-the-financial-services-industry# [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Umbel. (2017).13 Retail Companies Using Data to Revolutionize Online Offline Shopping Experiences. [online] Available at: https://www.umbel.com/blog/retail/13-retail-companies-already-using-data-revolutionize-shopping-experiences/ [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. VCCircle. (2017).Financial services sector to benefit from enhanced expenditure. [online] Available at: https://www.vccircle.com/financial-services-sector-benefit-enhanced-expenditure/ [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Watson, C., McCarthy, J. and Rowley, J., 2013. Consumer attitudes towards mobile marketing in the smart phone era.International Journal of Information Management,33(5), pp.840-849.

Classical Music Essays - Chants, Catholic Music, Medieval Music

Classical Music Classical Music, popular term for the Western tradition of art music that began in Europe in the Middle Ages and continues today. It includes symphonies, chamber music, opera, and other serious, artistic music. More narrowly, the "classical" style refers to the work of the Viennese classical school, a group of 18th-century composers that includes Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, and Ludwig van Beethoven, which is the epitome of what is called classical music. Choral Music, music sung by a group of people, using two or more singers to perform each musical line. The term part-song is used for vocal music having one singer for each part. Choral music is written for choruses, or choirs, consisting either of adults, children, or both. Although complex genres of choral music developed in Western music, part-singing practices were also established in folk, tribal, and non-Western cultures. Such singing often accompanies manual labor, expresses joy or sorrow, or forms a part of religious ritual. Among the world's many singing traditions are the polyphonic (multipart), polyrhythmic choruses of African music; the relaxed harmonies found in the Alpine and northern Slavic areas of Europe; the tense-voiced women's canons of the Balkans; the unison choral singing that sometimes accompanies an Indonesian gamelan orchestra; and the unison and polyphonic choruses of Oceania. In ancient Greece, religious feelings were expressed in drama by a chorus. Although the chorus members?like those of modern opera?were dancers and actors as well as singers, the term chorus eventually came to indicate only singers. Chant, unaccompanied sung melody, the rhythms and melodic contours of which are closely tied to the spoken rhythms and inflections of the text. Chant texts can be either sacred or secular, but the term usually refers to sacred liturgical music. Chant has been used in religious ceremonies since ancient times. In terms of present-day chant styles in the Western world, the most important of the early repertories is Jewish liturgical chant, or cantillation (see Jewish Music). The early Christian church borrowed not only its modes, or scales, but also some Hebrew melodies and melodic fragments. Most of the texts in Christian chant are taken from or based on the Psalms, a biblical book shared by Jews and Christians. Several types of Christian chant, which is often called plainsong, developed during the first 1000 years of the Christian era. A repertory called Ambrosian chant developed at Milan, Italy; named after St. Ambrose, it is still used in some Roman Catholic services in Milan. In Spain, until about the 11th century, there was a chant repertory called Mozarabic chant, named after the Mozarab Christians who lived in Arab-dominated Spain during the Middle Ages. Today Mozarabic chant survives in a few Spanish cathedrals. Until the 9th century, France had its own chant repertory, called Gallican chant; a few traces of it remain today in the Gregorian repertory. In Rome a separate repertory developed that eventually spread throughout Europe and superseded the others. It is now called Gregorian chant after Pope Gregory I, known as the Great, who was active in collecting Roman chants, having them assigned specific places within the liturgy, and seeing that they were adopted by churches in other cities and countries. Today about 3000 different Gregorian melodies are known. The Eastern Christian churches developed several types of chant before AD 1000, variants of which are still used. The Armenian, Byzantine, Russian, Greek, and Syrian repertories are the most important. Many of the original melodies in these repertories were incorporated into the Gregorian repertory. Among Protestant denominations only the Church of England has encouraged an extensive use of chant; its repertory, which is harmonized, is called Anglican chant.

guernica essays

guernica essays On April 27th, 1937, unprecedented atrocities are perpetrated on behalf of Franco against the civilian population of a little Basque village of Guernica in northern Spain. Chosen for bombing practice by Hitler's new war machine, the little city is pounded with high explosives and incendiary bombs for over three hours. Townspeople are cut down as they run from the crumbling buildings. Guernica burns for three days. Sixteen hundred civilians are killed or wounded. This powerful painting captures Picasso's horror at the brutal destruction that man commits against man. This monumental work tells the story. Guernica, painted by Pablo Picasso in 1937, is a cubist work depicting the evils of war. It is clear that Picasso abhorred war, and all its aggregates. The mural stands eleven feet tall and is twenty-six feet in length. The immense size of this painting aids in portraying the monumental effect of war on the people of Spain. Using a monochromatic template, Picasso adds to this effect by creating an eerie and dark mood to reflect the tragedy of war. He uses only grays in his painting, and includes areas of only black and white. Picasso deliberately distorts the proportion of the animals and figures he has created. They look almost like something from a nightmare. When I see this painting I look from left to right, seeing first an image of a woman mourning the loss of her newborn baby. Above her is the head of a bull, representing Spain. As I pan across the work, a horse trampling the body of a fallen warrior is shown. A ghost it seems holds a candle to light the scene, but light only shines to the right. Following the light is a woman struggling to walk. To the far right is a person screaming at the end of a dark hall. Picasso has drawn teeth-like figures on the hall to give it the appearance of a mouth. As I look at this painting, I feel I get a real sense of war. It seems that you could look for hours and still have more to see. ...

Personal Computers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal Computers - Essay Example From the time we wake up in the morning, until the time we go to bed, computers direct and assist our life. Personal computers today come in various forms – there are the desktops, the laptops, and the palmtops and if that was not enough, even cell phones can be used as personal computers. A computer in every home has changed the way people communicate. People wake up by the alarm that rings from the cell phones and even before they are out of bed, they check the emails on the cell phone itself. In Japan, people describe the cell phone as an extension of themselves (Faiola, 2004). Fifty-five percent of the population in Japan has signed up for internet access from their cellular phones. On the way to work, they answer all their emails. Cell phone is now a way of life, as they link it to their home-office PC, download music, use it to access information, read newspaper and even read novels. They use it to watch the TV programs, navigate the streets with the built-in GPS system, scan bar-coded information, get e-coupons for discounts on food and entertainment, and pay bills. They use it at school too by emailing the questions to the professors in the classroom. The professors answer them orally. The Japanese are so skilled at writing emails on cell phones, that they find it simpler than using computer keyboards. Computer technology is used in everyday lesson plans at the Highland Middle School (Horace). A SMART board, or a dry-erase board, when teamed with the projector becomes a touch-screen computer monitor that the whole class can see. The operator’s fingers act as the mouse and as soon as the board is touched, signal is sent back to the computer. This way they can browse the internet, make interactive presentations, and write on the screen. At The Pennsylvania State University, emails have replaced letters, telephone calls and memorandum as the preferred means of communication (Auguston, 2002). Learning occurs in classrooms, labs, libraries, residence

Da Vinci and the Modern Female Portait Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Da Vinci and the Modern Female Portait - Essay Example Renaissance art portrayal is a naturalistic reflection of realities that is recent in terms of discovery, rather than just framed myths and gender-based constructions. Leonardo’s art portrayal was regarded as abnormal in social terms. He presented through art, a view of female sex, which was culturally abnormal in the patriarchy of his day. To them, a woman is an intelligent being, and therefore biologically equals half of human species. Earliest portraits preserved by Leonardo, referred to as Ginevra de’Benci, done in the late 1470s, puts forth a fundamentally new female age. It portrays a sitter posed in a three-quarter view and it engages the eye of the observer. Portraits done by Northern Renaissance painters indicates a preoccupation with realism and having a precise detail of physiognomy and the costume. This kind of approach is a characteristic of panels by the Flemish masters Rogier van der Weydan and Hans Memling (Victoria 100) High Middle Ages evolution of portraiture reached its crescendo in the fifteenth century. This was the period during which greatest masters of artistic illusionism begun to appear in Europe. Italian Renaissance painters discovered the use of textural properties of oil painting. Leonardo da Vinci was famous for his portraits that were life-like in their realism. He used to learn entirely from nature and science to make his paintings look real. He drew and took many notes from observation, since he believed that it is the basis of knowledge. Leonardo was among the first Italian Renaissance to use the three-quarter pose instead of the popular profile. His subjects had unique facial expressions that challenged viewers. The new technique he invented-chiaroscuro and sfumato, also brought his subjects to life (Patrick McDonnell 56) Rogier van der Weyden transcends the concept of naturalism formal or informal,

Humanistic and Psychodynamic Essay Example for Free

Humanistic and Psychodynamic Essay Abraham Harold Maslow- Humanistic Approach Humanistic is the psychology study of how the human works as a whole. This studies the uniqueness of the person through their behaviour. Rather than just observing the humans behaviour, humanistic psychologists try to study the humans behaviour first person rather than just observing. Meaning they try to understand the situation and the emotional feelings the person is going through for them to have that specific type of behaviour, they try to understand the behaviour of the person by looking at it from their perspective. Humanistic is a way of thinking and is an ability to solve our own personal problems. This meaning to focus on our own perspectives, experiences, thoughts, self-image and feelings to understand an individual. People can be capable of self-development and their own self-improvement. We have our own choices on what we choose to do and how we chose to take out this option. We chose how we want to behave and whether it’s right or wrong i.e. breaking the law. An individual chosen whether they want to break the law, knowing full well of the consequences. This is called free will; we have the right to choose what we want to do and how we want to behave. The court of law follows this principle because you know whether you have done right or wrong and there is no one to blame, except yourself, because you chose to behave that way. Abraham Harold Maslow was the first psychologist to create the ‘human hierarchy of needs’ which explains the different level that an individual has to move from throughout life. This hierarchy changes from one level to another and each level has its own specific needs. Most psychologist before Maslow had been concerned with the abnormal and the ill, he convinced and persuaded people to start acknowledging people’s basic needs before addressing them as having higher needs or being ill. Firstly on Maslow’s hierarchy he started with the basic needs of a person such as food, water, sleep etc. then lead to the physical needs of an individual. The highest needs of an individual are ‘self-actualization’ which is realising who you are as an individual and knowing your own moti vations. Not many people get to the self-actualization for many reasons, being that they didn’t get through the different levels of the hierarchy or because they think that they can skip the rest of the  levels, thinking that they know their own self-fulfilment etc. These hierarchies have five different levels of needs. Maslow’s level of human needs started with physiological which is basic survival, understanding the function of the living organism. Which is what an individual needs, their basic needs i.e. water, sleep, breathing and sex. Then safety which is basic need again and feeling secure. For example, freedom from danger, risks or injuries whether at employment, home or doing everyday activities. Love and belonging is the next need which is the emotional level/need. Meaning to understand what love is and what it feels like to belong, dependent on being part of a family or understanding what it is like to love through friendship or sexual relationships. Esteem is the fo urth need, which is respect and recognition. Understanding what your personal goals are in life and what you can achieve throughout life dependent on yourself respect and respect for one another. The final level is self-actualization which is what makes you who you are as an individual, realise your own potentials in life. Also, realising your own self-fulfilment and person growth from peak experiences. Everyone as an own personal desire to move up the hierarchy table towards self-actualization, although their progress is often disruptive by failing to meet the low level needs. As an example if someone doesn’t show love or feel loved then they won’t be able to succeed through the love and belonging section, if they’re brought up in an abusive home this would affect the low level safety so they would be decreasing in the levels. Only remarkable people are most likely to reach the highest level, self-actualization. Maslow’s theory was the best type of motivation for an individual, he proposed he hierar chy of needs in his paper â€Å"a theory of Human Motivation†. Hans J Eysenck and Otto Gross approach to Psychodynamic Hans is a psychologist famous for his work on intelligence and personality. Eysenck claims that Freudian theories can be falsified, also Gross claims that Freud’s theories are scientific but have been proven wrong so which he say is simply â€Å"bad science†. Psychoanalyst tends to only accept YAVIS patients for treatment, YAVIS means young, attractive, verbal, intelligent and successful. This is because YAVIS patients are more likely to recover rather than mentally unstable patients. When the criticism of frauds approach happened was because Gross and Freud were in a disagreement on the  subjects of repression, sublimation and perversion. The meaning of repression is to control and resist what you would want. Sublimation is doing things in an acceptable and respectful manner and perversion is far from normal for example being abnormal. They disagreed on Freud’s theory because they believe that the patients should be capable of feelings and having their freedom also they shouldn’t be forced to do something that they do not want to do. Both psychologists argued that Freud got too involved and attached with his patients because Freud was there 7 days a week. Sigmund Freud, Psychodynamic Approach to Psychology Freud was the founder of psychodynamic approach to psychology; this is because he created a new approach to understanding how the human works and the human individual personality. Freud’ theory was the conscious and unconscious mind, he believed that behaviour and personality derives from the constant and unique interaction of conflicting psychological forces that operate at three different levels of awareness. The three different levels are conscious mind, preconscious mind and unconscious mind. Conscious mind includes everything that we are aware, every single moment. Preconscious mind represents ordinary memory. Unconscious mind reservoirs our feelings, thoughts, urge and memories that are outside out conscious awareness. The theory of the conscious and unconscious mind is done to show our feelings, motives and decisions which are actually influenced by previous/past experiences, which are stored in the pre-conscious and instincts from the unconscious. Freud later made a structural model of the mind which was called ID, EGO and SUPEREGO. The ID, EGO and SUPEREGO link to the conscious, pre-conscious and unconscious mind. ID is the unconscious, EGO is the conscious and SUPEREGO is the pre-conscious and unconscious mind. Although these are not physical areas within the brain they’re the process of important mental functions. Explanation of each stage is; ID is driven by pleasure principles which strive us for immediate needs and desires, meaning that the person would be wanting things. Although the ID will try to resolve the tension created by pleasure. EGO and SUPEREGO, EGO is something that is developed through ID in the early stages of life, EGO is the component of your personality that deals with reality whereas SUPEREGO is developed a little later as it controls your guilt. For example, if someone wanted a  new pair of shoes ID would kick in because the desire to have them shoes would rise, whereas EGO would have to face reality and realise that you might not have the money to get the shoes then SUPEREGO controls the guilt so then you would start regretting buying the shoes if for instants a family relatives birthday was coming up and now you don’t have the money. EGO works on a reality principle meaning that it wants to please the ID but in a socially and realistic way, which some people deem as unacceptable. The reality principle contemplates the positive and negatives of an action depending on what it decides, it will either act upon the decision or completely abandon it. SUPEREGO is the basic rules and standards for good behaviour. The behaviours included would be those approved by parents and those in authority. The SUPEREGO goal is to improve and civilize our behaviour; it tries to supress all the unacceptable urges that come from the ID. Fraud’ theory claims that the key to a healthy personality is a balance between the ID, EGO and SUPEREGO. Carl Ransom Rogers, Self-Actualization Again, the humanistic approach is how we look at an individual as a whole observing their behaviour and personality. Rogers was a psychotherapist, which is someone who treats people with mental disorders through psychology rather than medical means. After years of work, Rogers compiled the Self-actualization theory which is the realisation of fulfilment of one’s talents and potentials. Rogers says that people have two basic needs which are positive regard and self-worth. Positive regard is a sense of acceptance from other people and self-worth is feeling adequate. Our feelings of self-worth are important both to psychological health and we can achieve goals and ambitions in life to achieve self-actualization. Rogers’s theory is that the individual is responsible for their own happiness and should not look towards others for it. He believed that a person is born with the desire to be and achieve the best they possibly can. Rogers’s overall theory is about feeling good and mentally healthy therefore meaning a person is cable of resolving their own problems without looking towards others. His therapy was ineffective to those who were unconfident, unhappy and had a lack of self-esteem. So he studied on clients opposite to this, clients who were confident, happy and have a high level of self-esteem. His theory was known as ‘Rogerian Counselling’ which was only effective on healthy minded  people which means it did not work on mental and physically damaged clients this only increased emotional problems such as depression, also the theory was more successful on children and young people. The theory key was communication, if the client wasn’t fully communicating with Rogers it would not work, this proved the therapy ineffective to people with phobias. In conclusion Rogers theory of self-actualization teaches people to become self-sufficient upon their own actions rather than seeking it from other people. This proved that people naturally desire to be accepted regardless of what they do, however the majority of people will only accept them dependent on whether or not they want to. Rogers self-actualization tries to help people understand their full potential and what they can achieve, also seek happiness for themselves without looking towards others for it. His theory helps people become more happier about themselves rather than looking for acceptance and happiness from others.

Flannery OConnor: A Twentieth Century Fiction Writer Essay -- essays r

There has been a significant amount critical analysis written about Flannery O'Connor's short stories and novels. There is a significant amount critical analysis about Flannery O'Connor because she used so many styles that have not been used before. Flannery O'Connor ranks among he most important American fiction writers of the twentieth century. Flannery O'Connor was born in 1925 in Savannah, Georgia, and lived there until her family moved in 1938. O'Connor and her family moved to a small Georgia farming town named Milledgeville. When Flannery was 15 years old her died father of a disease to the immune system known as lupus erythematosus. O'Connor attended Georgia State College for Women after graduating from Peabody High School in 1942. While at Georgia State College for Women, O'Connor provided illustrations for the school newspaper and yearbook. In the fall of 1949, Miss O'Connor moved to a home Connecticut where she boarded with her two friends, Sally and Robert Fitzgerald. After one year of hard work O'Connor produced her first novel entitled Wise Blood. During this one year, O'Connor and the Fitzgeralds grew closer together as she became the godmother of the Fitzgerald's 2 third child. Later that year, O'Connor reported to the Fitzgeralds a "heaviness" in her typing arms. O'Connor was later diagnosed with lupus erythematosus, the same disease that killed her father. Flannery O'Connor moved back to Georgia to live with her mother on a dairy farm near Mille...

Christina Rossetti Essay

   So this gives the cottage maiden some comfort that she knows this and he does not, it therefore gives her power over him and her cousin Kate. The narrator tells us what she would have said and done to the Lord if she had been in Kate’s position. There is loyalty in the narrator when she says she would have â€Å"spit in his face and not have taken his hand. † Whether she would really have acted like this, we do not know, but the reader is made to believe that she wishes cousin Kate had done that, perhaps showing a hint of jealousy. The beginning of the poem is in past tense, â€Å"I was a cottage maiden. † The narrator is looking back, at this point, to what her life was like before she had met the Lord. This poem at no point refers to the feelings of Cousin Kate or the Lord. The narrator in â€Å"The Seduction† seems extremely distraught about her pregnancy. She rips up all her â€Å"My Guy and her Jackie photo-comics† and breaks the heels of the high white shoes which she had worn that night. To the reader, it seems like she is trying to destroy the memories and what happened the night of the party. The girl realises that she is â€Å"truly frightened† and â€Å"cheated† by the promises only tacitly made in her comics. The comics show pictures of girls that are happy with their boyfriends, and stories that tell the teenage readers that everything will work itself out. The girl at the beginning of the story goes out of her way to look beautiful, to be more mature and grown up. Whereas now that she is pregnant, she does not wish to grow up, she wants to stay â€Å"innocent†. The girl looks back on her life before she met the boy, and tells the reader what her life could have been like. She talks about day trips to Blackpool and â€Å"jumping all the rides†, now that she was pregnant she could not do either of these. â€Å"She cried that she had missed all the innocence around her† because having this baby would change her life, she would have to grow up quicker and so miss all the fun teenage years. The narrator talks about ways she thinks would be better to ruin her life than having a baby. She believes that it would be better to smoke â€Å"scented drugs† and â€Å"starve yourself, like a sick, precocious child† than to be in the â€Å"feminine void† of pregnancy. The narrator is obviously extremely distressed about her situation; the reader is made to believe that she has not yet told her parents or even the boy of the pregnancy. Many things in â€Å"Cousin Kate† make it recognisable as having being written in the Victorian era. The obvious one is the archaic language used, â€Å"Woe’s me for joy thereof† is a perfect example. In modern day English it can be translated to mean â€Å"How sad I am that I was joyful about it. † The people described in the poem are also a clue to the era in which it was written, there is a Lord and a cottage maiden. Also the way the neighbours react to a pregnancy out of wedlock, nowadays this is quite common. The narrator was â€Å"not mindful [she] was fair. † This is an old way of saying she did not know she was pretty, whereas the girl in â€Å"The Seduction† went out of her way the make herself look beautiful. This is also a difference between the attitudes of Victorian girls and girls of the 20th Century. The expression â€Å"little slag† used in â€Å"The Seduction† is also very common for its era, whereas the curse words in the era of â€Å"Cousin Kate† would be less abusive and harsh. A peculiar rhyme scheme is used in â€Å"Cousin Kate†. Every other line in each stanza rhymes, whereas the rhyme scheme in â€Å"The Seduction† is not bound to a rule. In some stanzas, the second and forth lines rhyme, but in others, the first, third and fourth lines rhyme. The setting of the poems also shows the reader the time the poem was set. â€Å"Cousin Kate† lived in a cottage and worked â€Å"among the rye†. â€Å"The Seduction† is set at a friends party and also by â€Å"The Mersey, green as a septic wound. † The filth and dirt of the location mirrors the way the boy treats her and the way the girl feels afterwards. Things about at the two poems which are no different despite the gap of nearly a century and a half between them are the position the girls are in. They are both either pregnant or have a baby, both of the fathers do not love the girls. The girls both loved the males at the time although in someway regret what they did. There are boy problems involved even though the men in the poems were of a different class; in ‘Cousin Kate’ the man was a very upper class lord whereas the man in ‘The seduction’ was working class ‘He spat into the river, fumbled in a bag’. These poems both contain different aspects of deceit. â€Å"Cousin Kate† because of the Lord leaving her for the younger cousin, and â€Å"The Seduction† because of the lies in the girls comics. Hayley Beynon 10G1 Page 1 Mr Jagger Hayley Beynon 10G1 Mr Jagger Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE JRR Tolkien section.

Biography of Louis Farrakhan, Nation of Islam Leader

Minister  Louis Farrakhan (born May 11, 1933) is one of the most controversial public figures in the United States. While scandal has brought down a number of leaders, Farrakhan has managed to remain a somewhat influential force in American politics, race relations, and religion. Learn more about the life of the Nation of Islam leader and how he’s remained relevant in an increasingly divided America. Fast Facts: Louis Farrakhan Known For: Civil rights activist, minister, leader of the Nation of Islam (1977–present)Born: May 11, 1933 in the Bronx, New York CityParents: Sarah Mae Manning (Mae) and Percival ClarkeEducation: Winston-Salem State University, The English High SchoolPublished Works: A Torchlight for AmericaSpouse: KhadijahChildren: 9 Early Years Like so many notable Americans, Louis Farrakhan grew up in an immigrant family. He was born on May 11, 1933, in the Bronx, New York City.  Both of his parents immigrated to the United States from the Caribbean. His mother Sarah Mae Manning came from the island of St. Kitts, while his father Percival Clark was from Jamaica. In 1996, Farrakhan said his father, who reportedly had Portuguese heritage, may have been Jewish. Scholar and historian Henry Louis Gates called Farrakhan’s claim credible, since Iberians in Jamaica tend to have Sephardic Jewish ancestry. Because the Jewish community has often accused Farrakhan of being an anti-Semite, his claims about his father’s ancestry are remarkable, if true. Farrakhan’s birth name, Louis Eugene Walcott, reveals the discord in his parents’ relationship. Farrakhan said his father’s philandering had driven his mother into the arms of a man named Louis Wolcott, with whom she had a child and for whom she converted to Islam. She planned to start a new life with Wolcott, but briefly reconciled with Clark, resulting in an unplanned pregnancy. Manning repeatedly tried to abort the pregnancy, according to Farrakhan, but eventually gave up on termination. When the child arrived, with light skin and curly, auburn hair, Wolcott knew the baby wasn’t his and he left Manning. That didn’t stop her from naming the child â€Å"Louis† after him. But Farrakhan’s real father didn’t play an active role in his life either, he said. His mother remained a stable influence. A music lover, she exposed him to the violin. He didn’t immediately take interest in the instrument. â€Å"I [eventually] fell in love with the instrument,† he recalled, â€Å"and I was driving her crazy because now I would go in the bathroom to practice because it had a sound like you’re in a studio and so people couldn’t get in the bathroom because Louis was in the bathroom practicing.† He said that by age 12, he played well enough to perform  with the Boston civic symphony, the Boston College orchestra, and its glee club. In addition to playing the violin, Farrakhan sang well. In 1954, using the name â€Å"The Charmer,† he even recorded the hit single â€Å"Back to Back, Belly to Belly,† a cover of  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Jumbie Jamboree.† A year before the recording, Farrakhan married his wife Khadijah.  They went on to have nine children together. Nation of Islam The musically inclined Farrakhan managed to use his talents  in the service of Nation of Islam. While performing, he attended a meeting of the group, which Elijah Muhammad started in 1930 in Detroit. As a leader, Muhammad sought a separate state for African-Americans and endorsed racial segregation. Prominent NOI leader Malcolm X persuaded Farrakhan to join the group. Farrakhan did just that, only a year after recording his hit single. Initially, Farrakhan was known as Louis X and he wrote the song â€Å"A White Man’s Heaven Is a Black Man’s Hell† for the Nation. Eventually, Muhammad gave Farrakhan the surname he’s famous for today. Farrakhan rapidly rose through the ranks of the group. He assisted Malcolm X at the group’s Boston mosque and assumed his superior’s role when Malcolm left Boston to preach in Harlem. Malcolm X In 1964, ongoing tensions with Muhammad led Malcolm X to leave the Nation. After his departure, Farrakhan essentially took his place, deepening his relationship with Muhammad. In contrast, Farrakhan and Malcolm X’s relationship grew strained when the latter criticized the group and its leader. Specifically, Malcolm X told the world that Mohammad had fathered children with many of his teenage secretaries. Malcolm X considered him a hypocrite since NOI preached against extramarital sex.  But Farrakhan considered Malcolm X a traitor for divulging this news to the public. Two months before Malcolm’s assassination in Harlem’s Audubon Ballroom on Feb. 21, 1965, Farrakhan said of him, â€Å"such a man is worthy of death.† When police arrested three NOI members for assassinating 39-year-old Malcolm X, many wondered if Farrakhan played a role in the murder. Farrakhan admitted that his harsh words about Malcolm X likely  Ã¢â‚¬Å"helped create the atmosphere† for the killing. â€Å"I may have been complicit in words that I spoke leading up to February 21,† Farrakhan told Malcolm X’s daughter Atallah Shabazz and  Ã¢â‚¬Å"60 Minutes† correspondent Mike Wallace in 2000. â€Å"I acknowledge that and regret that any word that I have said caused the loss of life of a human being.† A 6-year-old Shabazz saw the shooting, along with her siblings and mother. She thanked Farrakhan for taking some responsibility but said she did not forgive him. â€Å"He’s never admitted this before publicly,†Ã‚  she said.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Until now, he’s never caressed my father’s children. I thank him for acknowledging his culpability and I wish him peace.† Malcolm X’s widow, the late Betty Shabazz, had accused Farrakhan of having a hand in the assassination. She seemingly made amends with him in 1994, when her daughter Qubilah faced charges, later dropped, for an alleged plot to kill him. NOI Splinter Group Eleven years after Malcolm X’s killing, Elijah Muhammad died. It was 1975, and the group’s future appeared uncertain. Muhammad had left his son Warith Deen Mohammad in charge. The younger Muhammad wanted to turn NOI into a more conventionally Muslim group called the American Muslim Mission. (Malcolm X had also embraced traditional Islam after leaving the NOI.) Warith  Deen Mohammad  also rejected his father’s separatist teachings. But Farrakhan disagreed with this vision and left the group to start a version of NOI that aligned with Elijah Muhammad’s philosophy. He also started The Final Call newspaper to publicize his group’s beliefs. Farrakhan got involved with politics as well. Previously, NOI told members to refrain from political involvement, but Farrakhan decided to endorse the Rev. Jesse Jackson’s 1984 bid for president. Both the NOI and Jackson’s civil rights group, Operation PUSH, were based on Chicago’s South Side. Fruit of Islam, part  of NOI,  even guarded Jackson during his campaign. Jesse Jackson â€Å"I believe that Rev. Jackson’s candidacy has lifted the seal forever from the thinking of black people, particularly black youth,† Farrakhan said. â€Å"Never again will our youth think that all they can be is singers and dancers, musicians and football players and sportsmen. But through Reverend Jackson, we see that we can be theoreticians, scientists, and whatnot. For that one thing he did alone, he would have my vote. Jackson, however, didn’t win his presidential bid in 1984 or in 1988. He  derailed his  first campaign when he referred to Jews as â€Å"Hymies† and New York City as â€Å"Hymietown,† both anti-Semitic terms, during an interview with a black Washington Post reporter. A wave of protests ensued. Initially, Jackson denied the remarks. Then he changed his tune and accused Jews of trying to sink his campaign. He later admitted making the comments and asked the Jewish community to forgive him. But he refused to part ways with Farrakhan. Farrakhan tried to defend his friend by going on the radio and threatening both the Post reporter, Milton Coleman, and Jews about their treatment of Jackson. â€Å"If you harm this brother [Jackson], it will be the last one you harm,† he said. Farrakhan reportedly called Coleman a traitor and told the African-American community to shun him. The NOI leader also faced accusations of threatening Coleman’s life. â€Å"One day soon we will punish you with death,† Farrakhan remarked. Afterward, he denied threatening Coleman. Million Man March Although Farrakhan has long faced accusations of anti-Semitism and has criticized black civic groups such as the NAACP, he’s managed to stay relevant in a changing America. On Oct. 16, 1995, for example, he organized the historic Million Man March on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. Civil rights leaders, including Rosa Parks, Jackson, and Shabazz, gathered at the event designed for young African-American men to ponder the pressing issues affecting the black community. According to some estimates, about a half-million people turned out for the march. Other estimates report a crowd as large as 2 million. In any case, there’s no doubt that a massive crowd gathered for the occasion, an impressive achievement for any organizer. The Nation of Islam’s website points out that the march challenged stereotypes of African-American men: â€Å"The world did not see thieves, criminals, and savages as usually portrayed through mainstream music, movies and other forms of media; on that day, the world saw a vastly different picture of the Black man in America. The world saw Black men demonstrating the willingness to shoulder the responsibility of improving themselves and the community. There was neither one fight nor one arrest that day. There was no smoking or drinking. The Washington Mall, where the March was held, was left as clean as it was found.† Farrakhan later organized the 2000 Million Family March. And 20 years after the Million Man March, he commemorated the landmark event. Later Years Farrakhan earned praise for the Million Man March, but just a year later he sparked controversy again. In 1996, he visited  Libya. The Libyan ruler at the time, Muammar al-Qaddafi, made a donation  to the Nation of Islam, but the federal government didn’t let Farrakhan accept the gift. Despite such incidents and a long list of inflammatory remarks, Farrakhan has won the support of  people in and outside of the black community. They applaud  NOI  for fighting against social injustice, advocating for education, and pushing back against gang violence, among other issues. The Rev. Michael L. Pfleger, a white Roman Catholic priest with a parish on Chicagos South Side, is an example. He called Farrakhan his closest adviser. â€Å"I’ve lost friends and I’ve lost support—I’ve been disinvited from places—because of my relationship with Farrakhan,† the priest told the New Yorker in 2016. But he added, I’d take a bullet for  [him and others] any day of the week.† Meanwhile, Farrakhan  continues to generate publicity for his cutting comments. Shortly after President Donald Trumps inauguration,  he called the United States  the most rotten nation on Earth. On May 2, 2019, Farrakhan was banned from Facebook and Instagram for violations of Facebook’s policies against hate speech. Sources Blow, Charles M. Million Man March, 20 Years On. New York Times, Oct. 11, 2015Bromwich, Jonah Engel. Why Louis Farrakhan Is Back in the News. New York Times, March 9, 2018.  Farrakhan, Louis, and Henry Louis Gates. Farrakhan Speaks. Transition.70 (1996): 140–67. Print.Gardell, Mattias. In the Name of Elijah Muhammad: Louis Farrakhan and the Nation of Islam. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1996.Honorable Minister Louis Farrakhan. Nation of Islam.  Louis Farrakhan banned from Facebook over policies on violence, hate. Chicago Sun Times May 2, 2019.McPhail, Mark Lawrence. Passionate Intensity: Louis Farrakhan and the Fallacies of Racial Reasoning. Quarterly Journal of Speech 84.4 (1998): 416–29.

About Yoga History - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 741 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/07/31 Category Sports Essay Level High school Topics: Yoga Essay Did you like this example? Yoga has been around for more than 5,000 years. Some researchers believe that it may have even been created up to 10,000 years ago. Its history comes from many obscure places, but the main origins humankind has discovered it is through sacred texts. Early writings on yoga were written on very delicate palm leaves, so much of it got destroyed or damaged throughout the years. Yogas history can be divided into four significant periods of innovation, practice, and maturation (Singleton Mallinson, 2017). During the pre-classical yoga period, it was developed by the Indus-Sarasvati civilization in Northern India, more than 5,000 years ago. In one of the oldest discovered collections of texts containing yoga called the Rig Veda, songs, mantras, and rituals were written out to be used by the Brahmans who were the Vedic priests. Throughout the years, yoga was gradually altered by the Brahmans and Rishis, the mystic seers. They documented their practices in the Upanishads, a collections of text containing over 200 scriptures. These texts incorporated the principle of ritual sacrifice from the Vedas and teachings of the sacrifice of ego through knowledge, action, and wisdom (Singleton Mallinson, 2017). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "About Yoga History" essay for you Create order During the Classical Yoga time period, yoga became a combination of different ideas, beliefs, and techniques that actually conflicted each other. Classical yoga became known as Raja Yoga throughout time and was defined by Patanjalis Yoga-S? »tras. He laid out a path of yoga by splitting it amongst eight different stages toward reaching Samadhi, or enlightenment. Due to this structure he created, Patanjali become known as one of the fathers of yoga and greatly impacted many styles of contemporary yoga (Meet Indias 10 most renowned yoga gurus, 2015). After a few centuries passed, the Post-Classical Yoga period came around. Many yoga masters gradually altered the original yoga practice by focusing it more on rejuvenating the body and prolonging the practitioners life. They believed through physical activity, the yoga practitioner would be able to reach enlightenment more quickly. This technique became known as Tantra yoga. Physical-spiritual connections became a very popular yoga activity because of Tantra Yoga, which eventually led to the development of Yoga in the West, Hatha Yoga (Singleton Mallinson, 2017). The current time period society is in is called the Modern Period. Through the 1800s and early 1900s, yoga masters among the colonists began to travel to the West. Throughout their journey, they gathered many followers and spread their beliefs. Yoga initially started in the Parliament of Religions in Chicago in the West. Swami Vivekananda amazed the attendees with his lectures on the relationship among yoga and religion. He further explained its philosophy, benefits, and different poses. He ended up publishing more than 200 books on yoga, and founded nine ashrams and an immense amount of yoga centers throughout the world. During the 1920s, Hatha Yoga became very popular in India. The first Hatha Yoga school was opened in Mysore in 1924, and the Divine Life Society was founded a couple years later by Krishnamacharya. This society brought yoga practitioners together and produced three key students that would later promote Hatha Yoga around the world. These students were named B.K.S. ly engar, T.K.V. Desikarchar, and Pattabhi Jois (Meet Indias 10 most renowned yoga gurus, 2015). B.K. S. lyengar brought light to yoga abroad. Throughout his life, he struggled with diseases that made him physically and mentally weak. Seeking recovery, he turned to yoga and redefined what is now known as ?Iyengar Yoga. Supposedly, he could perform a yoga pose called the sirsasana, which is the headstand pose, for half an hour. As for Pattabhi Jois, he created Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga from Hatha Yoga. He based it off the ancient text called ?Yoga Korunta. Many celebrity practitioners, such as Madonna, Sting, and Gwyneth Paltrow, practice this type of yoga. Lastly, T.K.V. Desikachar lectured in the United States about how yoga heals. He also made it known that yoga can benefit every single individual, regardless of age and physical fitness, and can be tailored to the needs of the practitioner (Meet Indias 10 most renowned yoga gurus, 2015). In 1947, the first yoga studio to have the greatest impact on Western civilization opened in Hollywood by Infra Devi. Hatha yoga was taught there, thus attracting many Westerners and Indian teachers. They learned from her studio and spread their philosophies and practices throughout various countries. Since this time, Hatha Yoga has branched into several different styles, stressing certain aspects of its original style, but still containing the same philosophies (Singleton Mallinson, 2017).

The Representation Of Black Men And Women By Angela Davis...

While the representation of Black men and women is one that throughout the years has not often been given thought to by people outside of the Black community, in the Moynihan Report and essays and speeches by both Angela Davis and Malcolm X, we see how the representation of Black people has for years been detrimental to the progression of the Black community. Through careful analysis of several different texts, I will highlight the ways in which Black people have through the oppressive forces of negative representation been seen as inferior to their white counterparts and been held back because of those very same forces. The Moynihan Report, released in 1965, was a report that discussed the nature of the Black family and how the degradation of it stemmed from a lack of father figures and poor parenting by Black women. The Moynihan report specifically blames what it calls the â€Å"deterioration of the Negro family† solely upon the backs of Black women. The report moves through a racist, patriarchal framework that uses inaccurate data to paint Black families and parents as though they are incapable of stability and building their children into productive members of society. Although the report slightly references historical oppression and its effect on the African American family, it does not state the injustices done to Black people nor does it attempt to connect how they continually plague Black family structures. When it does reference them, it is only in relation to how BlackShow MoreRelated Black Women in Rap Essay6410 Words   |  26 PagesBack That Ass Up: A Discussion of Black Women in Rap †¦You can put it in your mouth I said your mothafuckin mouth I said your mothafuckin mouth And you could just eat me out What do ya choose to lick? You could eat me out Pussy or dick? Within the booming business that has become the rap world, certain musical themes and issues are more prevalent than most. In addition to such topics as drugs, alcohol and police brutality, a dominant theme within rap music is the denigrationRead MoreBlack Feminism : A Profound Effect On Society s History3616 Words   |  15 PagesIntroduction Black Feminism has proven to have a profound effect on society’s history, and is now beginning to impact even more this day and age. Black feminism is broader than what comes to mind. It is an essential component of black struggle against oppression and authority. Generally Black feminism is used to empower and liberate black women. Throughout the years many liberals have tried to exclude and silence black feminist. Black feminist have demanded for social, economic and political equalityRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesAllida M. Black, ed., Modern American Queer History Eric Sandweiss, St. Louis: The Evolution of an American Urban Landscape Sam Wineburg, Historical Thinking and Other Unnatural Acts: Charting the Future of Teaching the Past Sharon Hartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual

Weight Watchers Swot Analysis free essay sample

They target consumers who want to manage their weight through weight loss or weight maintenance. Their vision is to ensure Member satisfaction and retention by making Members feel cared for, well informed, part of the group and motivated to succeed. Weight Watchers has been around for 50 years and has developed their brand of providing weight loss services and products that make them a leading weight management service globally. The patented points program is based on a formula calculating the protein, carbohydrates, fat and dietary fiber content developed with consultation from a Scientific Advisory board. Each food is assigned a points value that reflects how the body breaks down food and converts it into energy. This Board is made up of world renowned medical experts to ensure that its weight loss plan is based on the most current scientific expertise. (Weight Watchers International) The Good Health Guidelines utilized by Weight Watchers are also recommended by the United States Department of Agriculture Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. (USDA) Weight Watchers offers a variety of support options to members who attend weekly meetings which are located in 30 countries around the world, weigh and go at store locations, attend meetings in their place of employment (At Work Meetings), or utilize the internet to participate in Weight Watcher’s services. Members are encouraged to share their struggles and successes. Struggles and successes are employed to motivate other members to achieve their weight loss goals by following the program and obtaining the proprietary tools offered for purchase. Members who reach their goal and maintain it for six weeks become Lifetime Members. Lifetime members maintain their membership by continuing to participate on a monthly basis. These members are free advertisements who attest to the success of the program. The meal plans are simple and the Points Plus system is very flexible. Each member receives a Daily Point Target (DPT) based on their height, weight, gender and age. The DPT represents the amount of food that each person should eat in a day. Foods that are low in fat and sugar tend to have lower point values and provide more volume to a meal or snack than less healthy options. Required foods are non-specific so the member is permitted to choose how they will consume required foods such as diary, healthy oil, and whole grains. All foods and drinks are permitted as long as the point value is calculated and accounted for when deducted from the DPT. Many members succeed in their weight loss efforts but not all members are successful. One of the biggest complaints of the program is that it offers slow weight loss. Our culture is one that appreciates immediate gratification. (The Associated Press, 2006) The competition offers much quicker weight loss methods. The success obtained by Lifetime members who worked for weeks, months and years to accomplish their goals is not nearly as appealing to the average consumer who is inundated with quick fix fad diets. (Speri) Weight Watchers offers a lifestyle change that reduces food intake. It is not designed as a quick fix but instead is one that promotes healthy lifestyle changes that gradually accomplish weight loss. The consumer’s cost for Weight Watchers is very low compared to other weight loss programs or at least it appears so up front. (Sugar) There are no meals, shakes, supplements or bars that are required to be purchased in order to participate in the program. The food that you eat on plan is very much the same food that one could purchase in any grocery store or restaurant. There are multiple periods of free registration throughout each year and the weekly fee is nominal at approximately $13. 00 per week. The problem with this is that there are many hidden costs at Weight Watchers. The proprietary point system is unlike any other weight loss system. Successful members utilize food scales and measuring cups to weigh and measure their food, pedometers and activity monitors to measure a person’s activity level, cookbooks, calculators and more. These products can all be purchased at lower prices from many convenience stores but they do not convert their information into point values the way that the Weight Watcher products do so many members purchase expensive Weight Watchers products to assist them with their weight loss journey. Additionally, the gradual weight loss concept requires members to attend for longer periods of time before they are able to reach a free Lifetime status. Lifetime members remain free if the member maintains their weight at no more than two pounds above their goal weight. Most people’s weight fluctuates regularly and fees are charged no matter what the reason for the weight gain. Weight Watchers has many opportunities to join with the medical profession to promote its science based plan. The Scientific Advisory Board that is hired to consult with Weight Watchers is made of Medical Professionals and the weight loss method is one that is promoted by most medical doctors even if they do not promote the Weight Watcher’s brand. USDA) The United States alone has determined that Obesity in America is common, serious and costly. (Fox News Latino) Weight Watchers has promoted a medical model for many years. An affiliation with the medical community would surely add value to the w eight management scientifically based model that is currently promoted at Weight Watchers. The United States First Lady, Michelle Obama, has brought additional light to the obesity epidemic and the need for American’s to manage their diets. Her â€Å"Let’s Move† initiative has gained the attention of the entire country. Weight Watchers is a healthy living model that combines healthy foods with more activity. Teaming up with fitness centers, exercise centers and schools will accomplish more together than the weight loss community or the physical fitness community can do on its own. A true healthy lifestyle includes eating right and moving more. (Grain Foods Foundation) Our quick fix society is one that shows little patience for counting calories or points utilized by slower burning weight loss programs. The competition has now gone beyond that which offers diets where certain foods are limited or forbidden, and some are replacing them with pre-cooked meals that are very high in sodium. These programs, including NutriSystem, do not promote weight maintenance following the program but they do promote mindless weight loss. Those who follow this program do not need to think about what to eat or how to prepare it as all of the meals and shakes are prepared, frozen and shipped to the dieter’s home. (â€Å"NutriSystem: Lose weight with meals conveniently delivered to your home†) Many diet programs eliminate foods and replace them with supplements. The Atkins diet, for example, restricts the dieter’s ability to consume carbohydrates. This means that all sugars including fruits and vegetables are minimized or omitted from one’s diet. It is not in line with a medical model approach for healthy weight loss but it does promote quick weight loss. Unfortunately, this does pose a threat to Weight Watchers as the weight loss experience in such a plan does satisfy the quick fix needs of those who opt for these types of plans. Frazier) In an attempt to make weight loss quicker and easier, the medical profession has taken to providing surgical procedures that reduce the size of the stomach by removing part of the small intestine. This procedure is very risky to one’s health and has a tremendous amount of medical complications associated with it. It is however, one that does not require that a person who has had the surgery to persevere delayed gratification and behavioral changes that are required when one loses weight following a weight loss program such as Weight Watchers. (Staff) For many consumers, quick weight loss is far more appealing despite the potential negative consequences.

Natural Resources And Topology Of South Africa Tourism Essay Essay Example

Natural Resources And Topology Of South Africa Tourism Essay Paper We would wish to analyze state south Africa on the footing of geographics, natural resources, Topology and at the terminal of the survey we came to cognize how the South Africa have the present state of affairs on the footing of geographics, natural, resources and Topology and how it is a different from our state and besides could cognize the benefits potencies from each other in footings of the merchandise which they can import from India or we can import deficit merchandises from south Africa. Let see something BASICs of South Africa. South Africa is the southmost state on the African one of the chief uninterrupted sweeps of land. It has a long history of societal issues and struggle like human rights but it has ever been one of the most economically successful states in southern states of Africa due to its coastal location and the presence of natural resources, diamonds and gold. We would wish to observe something about the history of South Africa We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Resources And Topology Of South Africa Tourism Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Resources And Topology Of South Africa Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Resources And Topology Of South Africa Tourism Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer By the fourteenth century C.E, the part was settled by the Bantu people who moved from cardinal Africa. 1488 South Africa was foremost occupied by Europeans. 1652 Lusitanian arrived at the Cape of South Africa. In following old ages, Gallic, Dutch and German colonists began to get in the part. In South Africa there were human rights favoritisms harmonizing white and black peoples. In 1994 Nelson Mandela was elected as South Africa s first black president and during Mandela s clip in office he was committed to reforming race-relations in the state and beef uping its economic system and topographic point in the universe. Now we would wish to travel on the chief subjects of our survey. Those are geographics, natural resources, and Topology GEOGRAPHY OF SOUTH AFRICA For the better concern activities to cognize about the geographics of targeted state is really important. Because Numberss of peoples populating in certain country might more than in another country that can impact the market portion of the company every bit good as civilization, linguistic communication trial of clients and wonts. All these things can be different from country to country so there can be many menaces or chances to concern activities from country to country. So there was demand to cognize the geographics of the South Africa. South Africa is found at the southmost part of Africa, with a long coastline that reaches more than 2,500A kilometer ( 1,553A myocardial infarction ) and along with 2 oceans ( the South Atlantic and the Indian ) . At 12,19,912 km2 ( 4,71,011 sqA myocardial infarction ) , South Africa is the 25th-largest state in the universe and most of the state is classified as semi arid, it has considerable difference in clime every bit good as topology. South Africa is situated within the temperate zone. Which has an mean rainfall of 511 millimeters per annum, but has broad interfere and interregional differences with rainfall cut downing towards the West. This diverseness of local climes limits the negative effects of terrible drouths and offers some protection against general harvest failures. Location of South Africa is on the really southern tip of Africa ; it is a republic which is surrounded by land at the top and the two oceans, Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean. The Republic of South Africa is between 22 and 35 grades south latitude and 17 to 33 grades east latitude. The country of the state consists of 12,19,912 square kilo-meters. The Republic of South Africa covers an country of 122 million hectare and from which 18 million hectare is possible land for cultivation. 8 % the possible cultivable lands are under irrigation, which occupies for about half of the H2O demand in South Africa. With a population of 42 million and an estimated one-year population growing of -0.412 % , urbanisation and industrialisation will increase the force per unit area on the handiness of H2O resources and the allotment. South Africa is divided into nine states viz. Gauteng, Limpopo, Northern Cape, Mpumalanga, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, North West Province, Eastern Cape and Western Cape. We would wish to advert something facts for the peculiar country. EASTERN CAPE Area- 168 966 square kilometres Predominated languages- is isiXhosa ( 78.8 % ) , Afrikaans ( 10.6 % ) The Eastern Cape gets increasingly wetting agent from West to east. The West is largely semi-arid Karoo, except in the far South, which is temperate rain forest in the Tsitsikamma part. The seashore is by and large unsmooth with interspersed beaches. Most of the state is hilly to really cragged between Graaff-Reinet and Rhodes including the Sneeuberge, Stormberge, Winterberge and Drakensberg. The northern tropical woods mix with the more temperate forests of the South, making an interesting wood works of assorted species endemic to this part. 2. Free State Area- 129 825 square kilometres Predominated languages- is Sesotho ( 64.2 % ) , Afrikaans ( 12.7 % ) The Free State is situated on level boundless evident in the bosom of South Africa. The rich dirt and pleasant clime allow a booming agricultural industry. With more than 30,000 farms and the production of more than 70 % of the state s grain, it is known locally as South Africa s breadbasket. The state is high-lying, with about all land being 1,000 metres above sea degree. Around 2.8-million people live in Free State. The Free State can be highly cold during the winter months, particularly towards the eastern cragged parts. 3. GAUTENG Area- 16 548 square kilometres Predominated languages- is isiZulu ( 19.8 % ) , English ( 13.3 % ) , Afrikaans ( 12.4 % ) , Sesotho ( 11.6 % ) Gauteng s southern boundary line is the Vaal River and which separates it from the Free State. Gauteng is the lone landlocked state of South Africa with no foreign boundary line. Most of Gauteng is on the Highveld, high-level grassland ( circa 1,500A m/4,921A foots above sea-level ) . Between Pretoria and Johannesburg there are low parallel ridges and rippling hills. The North of the state is more semitropical, due to its lower height and is largely dry savanna home ground. Gauteng has cold winters and hot summers with hoar and the Hail is common during summer electrical storms. Most of research and development of South Africa s takes topographic point in Gauteng. Gauteng is home to many of the state s nucleus biotechnology companies. The state is extremely industrialised and urbanised. 4. Natal Area- 94 361 square kilometres Predominated languages- is isiZulu ( 77.8 % ) , English ( 13.2 % ) The state has three different geographic countries. The lowland part along the Indian Ocean seashore is highly narrow in the South, widening in the northern portion of the Kwazulu Natal. The cardinal part is the Natal Midlands, an undulating hilly plateau lifting toward the West. Third are the two cragged countries, the the Lebombo Mountains in the North and Drakensberg Mountains in the West. 5. LIMPOPO Area- 125 755 square kilometres Predominated languages- is Sesotho ( 52.9 % ) , Xitsonga ( 17 % ) , Tshivenda ( 16.7 % ) state s Johannesburg-Pretoria axis, the most industrialised tube pole on the continent. The state is at the Centre of regional, national, and international developing markets. The Limpopo contains much of the Waterberg Biosphere, a UNESCO-designated Biosphere Reserve. The Waterberg Biosphere, a massif of about 15,000A km2 ( 5,800A sqA myocardial infarction ) , is the first part in the northern portion of South Africa. Rich in natural beauty, civilization and wildlife, Limpopo has a booming touristry industry. In add-on to the Kruger National Park, there are several luxury private game militias with the 54 provincial militias. Valuable archeological artefacts have been discovered in the country. 6. MPUMALANGA Area- 76 495 square kilometres Predominated languages- is siSwati ( 27.7 % ) , isiZulu ( 24.1 % ) , Xitsonga ( 10.4 % ) , isiNdebele ( 10.1 % ) Mpumalanga falls chiefly within the grassland country. The Lowveld and the escarpment signifier a transitional zone between this grassland country and the savanna biome. The Province is a summer-rainfall country, with occasional winter snow on high land in the escarpment. The escarpment country sometimes experiences high land of snow. Thick mist is common during the humid and hot summers. Lake Chrissie is the largest natural fresh water lake in South Africa and is celebrated for its assortment of aquatic birds, peculiarly flamingos. 7. NORTH WEST Area- 106 512 square kilometres Predominated languages- is Setswana ( 63.4 % ) , Afrikaans ( 9 % ) Apart from a narrow strip of winter rainfall country along the seashore, the state is a semi waterless part because of small rainfall in summer. The conditions conditions are highly frigid and cold in winter, with highly high temperatures in summer. The country is known worldwide its dramatic one-year detonation of spring flowers which, for a short period every twelvemonth, attracts 1000s of tourers. The Northern Cape has a wealth of national Parkss and preservation countries. Here is the Orange River more impressive than at the Augrabies Falls, which ranks among the universe s largest cataracts on a major river. 8. NORTHERN CAPE Area- 372 889 square kilometres Predominated languages- is Afrikaans ( 53.8 % ) , Setswana ( 33.1 % ) The Northern Cape is South Africa s largest state, and distances between towns are tremendous due to its thin population. The south and south-east of the state is high-lying ( 1200m-1900m ) in the Roggeveld and Nuweveld territories. The West seashore is dominated by the Namaqualand part. it is celebrated for its spring flowers. This country is hilly to cragged. And it consists of Granites and other metamorphous stones. A summer-rainfall part, extremely cold in winter, temperatures range from up to 31AÂ °C in summer to every bit small as 3AÂ °C in winter. Sun City is one of the universe s biggest amusement Centres it is most celebrated attractive force of Northern Cape. With a casino, an 18-hole golf class, theaters and concert halls, beaches and a moving ridge pool at the Valley of the Waves. 9. Western CAPE Area- 129 462 square kilometres Predominated languages- is Afrikaans ( 49.7 % ) , isiXhosa ( 24.7 % ) , English ( 20.3 % ) Western Cape is the fourth-largest state of South Africa. The southern coastal country is fertile, and fishing is the most of import industry along the West seashore. Sheep agriculture is the Main support of the Karoo, and other signifiers of farming take topographic point in the better watered parts of the Western Cape. Saldanha, North of Cape Town, is South Africa s merely natural seaport, and noteworthy seaport for Fe exports and the fishing industry. Other towns include Stellenbosch and Worcester in the bosom of the winelands, George, a Centre for autochthonal lumber and vegetable production, Oudtshoorn, known for its ostrich merchandises and the world-famous Cango caves, and Beaufort West on the dry, sheep-farming fields of the Great Karoo. NATURAL RESOURCES OF SOUTH AFRICA As we know natural resources of any state is biggest wealth of that state. Because natural resources help to industrialization or economic development of that state so we found assorted natural resources of South Africa which executing as a wealth of South Africa. South Africa s most of natural resources are being obtained from mining industry. Equally good as there is a good developed fishing industry due to the long sea country. We mentioned dominant resources like GOLD PRODUCTION OF SOUTH AFRICA Up until a few old ages back South Africa was the universe s largest gold manufacturer. China surpassed South Africa as the universe s largest manufacturer of Gold in 2007. South Africa is estimated, by US Geological Survey, to hold 6000 metric dozenss of gold militias. 95 % of South Africa s gold mines are belowground operations, making deepnesss of over 3.8 kilometers. Coupled with worsening classs, increased deepness of excavation and a slide in the gilded monetary value, costs have begun to lift, which ensuing in the steady autumn in production. The hereafter of the gold industry in South Africa hence depends on increased productiveness of its gold. The chief gold bring forthing country is concentrated on the Archaean Witwatersrand Basin. The Witwatersrand basin, which has been mined for more than 100 old ages and it has produced more than 41000 metric dozenss of gold, remains the greatest undermined beginning of gold in the universe. CHROMIUM PRODUCTION OF SOUTH AFRICA South Africa is the universe s largest manufacturer of ferrochrome. South Africa holds approximately 70 % of the universe s entire chrome militias, largely located in the BIC ( Bushveld Igneous Complex ) ores, and produces 75 % of the universe s ferrochrome. Kazakhstan and India are other major manufacturers. South Africa produced an estimated 96,00,000 dozenss of Cr ore in 2011. Samancor Chrome is the 2nd largest ferrochrome manufacturer in the universe, with entire chromite resources transcending 650 million dozenss. COAL PRODUCTION OF SOUTH AFRICA South Africa is the 6th largest holder of coal in the universe with 31 billion tones of recoverable coal militias, i.e. 11 % of the universe s entire coal militias. Although most of the coal is consumed by the South African energy sector, with 77 % of the state s primary energy demands provided by coal. In South Africa there are three major coal manufacturers: BHP Billiton Energy Coal South Africa ; Anglo American Coal and Xstrata. Universal Coal s thermic coal undertakings are located in South Africa s Mpumalanga state a part traditionally rich in coal. 83 % of the entire sum of coal produced in South Africa is in Mpumalanga. MANGANESE PRODUCTION OF SOUTH AFRICA South Africa presently accounts for approximately 75 % of the universe s identified Mn. These largely occur near Hotazel in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa. Harmonizing to the USGS, militias were estimated at 15 billion dozenss in 2011. South Africa was the universe s largest manufacturer of Mn in 2011, with the production of 3.4 million dozenss. NICKEL AND COBALT MINING PRODUCTION OF SOUTH AFRICA Most of South Africa s Ni and Co are produced as by merchandise of Pt excavation activities on the Bushveld Igneous Complex. Harmonizing to the USGS, South Africa produced 34,000 metric dozenss of Ni in 2009. PHOSPHATES PRODUCTION OF SOUTH AFRICA Foskor is one of the universe s largest manufacturers of phosphate and phosphorous acid. The Foskor Group comprises two chief excavation and production installations located in the Northern Province ( Limpopo ) of South Africa. PLATINUM GROUP ELEMENT PRODUCTION OF SOUTH AFRICA The PGE include Pt, Pd, gold, Rh, Ir, Os, Re and Ru. Platinum, Pd and Rh are produced in significant measures. South Africa is the largest manufacturer of Pt in the universe and holds a big per centum of planetary militias. Harmonizing to the US Geological Survey, South Africa s entire production of Pt is 140000 kgs and Palladium is 79000 kgs in 2009. Copper PRODUCTION OF SOUTH AFRICA Palabora, taking Cu manufacturer of South Africa s is located 360km north E of Pretoria, near to the Kruger National Park. Copper is besides produced at the Exxaro owned Black Mountain polymetallic mine near Aggeneys in the Northern Cape. Oil AND GAS PRODUCTION OF SOUTH AFRICA Harmonizing to the BP Statistical Energy Survey 2012, South Africa consumed an norm of 547.25 1000 barrels a twenty-four hours of oil in 2011, 0.64 % of the universe sum. South Africa is the taking economic power in Africa every bit good as a cardinal participant in the African oil industry. Today the state processes about 20 million dozenss per annum of petroleum and consumes 23 million dozenss of liquid fuel merchandises i.e. 45 % is gasoline and 26 % Diesel. The major liquid fuel markets are in the Gauteng country of South Africa IRON ORE PRODUCTION SOUTH AFRICA Harmonizing to the USGS, South Africa produced 53 million metric dozenss of Fe ore in 2009, doing it the universe s 7th largest manufacturer. It besides estimated, in 2009, that South Africa has 1000 million dozenss of petroleum ore militias and 650 million metric dozenss of Fe content militias. Most of South Africa s Fe ore militias are located in the Northern Cape of South Africa, adjacent to the monolithic Kalahari manganese field. India s Import of Iron Ore or Coal from South Africa Approximately 40 million metric metric tons of Fe ore are mined per annum in South Africa, of which about 12 million metric metric tons are consumed locally and 27 million metric metric tons are exported. Based on the import figures of the current fiscal twelvemonth, Indian authorities functionaries figure that India s coal imports from South Africa could good stop up at approximately 20 million dozenss of the entire 100 million dozenss coal imports expected by the terminal of current fiscal twelvemonth. As per authorities appraisal about 50 million dozenss of Fe ore for India s steel demands would hold been imported to run into the one-year jutting demand of 160 million dozenss. About half of this imported ore will be from South Africa. DIAMOND PRODUCTION OF SOUTH AFRICA South Africa has the most diverse scope of diamond sedimentations in the universe. South Africa produced 6,139,682.00 carats in 2009. South Africa produces in the part of 5 % of planetary production and is ranked seventh largest unsmooth diamond manufacturer in the universe. Company De Beers, which contributes in the part of 45 % of the universe s diamond market, shut down about 60 % of its operations in 2009. Petra Company has bought many mines antecedently owned by De Beers. Most production is sourced from kimberlite mines, followed by alluvials and so marine. Kimberlite mines are located chiefly in the cardinal northern parts of South Africa. Import of Diamond from South Africa India is taking its attempts at increasing India s relationships with major diamond-producing African states, and has created a comprehensive program to guarantee direct unsmooth diamonds imports from South Africa alternatively of Europe. India happens to be the universe s largest importer of unsmooth diamonds, every bit good as exporter of cut and polished diamonds. India is concentrating dialogues in South Africa that will assist guarantee India s strong standing in the diamond market. Namibia accounts for about 6 per cent of unsmooth diamond production, while Angola histories for 10 per centum. South Africa and Botswana history for 12 per centum and 25 per centum the universe s unsmooth diamond production, severally. TOPOLOGY RESOURCES OF SOUTH AFRICA In South Africa there is assorted agribusiness merchandises produces or grain cultivates harmonizing to climate state of affairs like temperature, dirt quality, H2O handiness, and accomplishments available in that peculiar country. As a consequence those countries are known for peculiar merchandises. We would wish to mentioned step production of merchandise harmonizing to country wise. CASHEW FOOD Cashew trees grow good at Pongola, Hluhluwe, Mtubatuba and Makhathini where the clime can be described as warm-subtropical. The Natal coastal part of north Empangeni, and the Pongola vale are suited countries of South Africa for Anacardium occidentale production. India provides a big Anacardium occidentale processing industry, and is dependent on over five-lakh ( 50,000 ) dozenss of natural Anacardium occidentales from South Africa. More than 60 states all over the universe receive Anacardium occidentale imports from India processing centres. Unfortunately, the Anacardium occidentales grown in India have caused concern in the market for hapless quality over recent old ages. Rice Presently, South Africa does non commercially produce any rice, chiefly due to the high H2O demands of the harvest in a by and large dry state. South Africa is dependent on rice imports to fulfill the local demand. India has exported rice to South Africa 27496 MT in 2011and 1, 02,205 MT in 2012* . Wheat The winter cereals comprises of the wheat, barley and oats. South Africa is said to be one of the major exporters of wheat to other states owing to the big production in the state. The chief countries of South Africa which are engaged in agribusiness include the Vaal and Crocodile. The Hart Rivers country excessively is actively engaged in farming. Equally much as 40,000-50,000 hectares of land is being planted with wheat in the countries of North West Province of South Africa. India does non bring forth adequate wheat to be self-sufficing. India can import wheat from South Africa. Corn Maize is produced throughout the state under diverse environments. Approximately 80 million dozenss of corn grains are produced in South Africa yearly on about 3.1 million Hector of land. Half of the entire production consists of white corn, for human nutrient ingestion. Maize is a warm conditions harvest and is non grown in countries where the average day-to-day temperature is less than 19 Â °C or where the mean of the summer months is less than 23 Â °C. SUGARCAN Most of the universe s sugar cane is grown between 22AÂ °N and 22AÂ °S, and some up to 33AÂ °N and 33AÂ °S.There are in the part of 42,300 registered sugar cane agriculturists in South Africa. Most agrarian takes topographic point in KwaZulu Natal state of South Africa. The South African sugar industry produces an estimated norm of 2.5 million dozenss of sugar per season. South Africa produced a sum of 2 273 499 dozenss in 2010/11 of which 1 399 657 dozenss was for the national market and 873 842 dozenss for the international market. Coffee The tree requires a warm clime and ample wet. At present no more than 200 hour angle of java are under production in South Africa, largely in KwaZulu-Natal and Mpumalanga states. South Africa is a net importer of java and consumes more than 20 000 ton per annum. India has exported java to south Africa of Us dollar 30522 in 2011. Wool Wool is produced throughout the state. The largest proportion of the South African wool cartridge holder is from rough, low-rainfall countries than in the higher rainfall countries of the coastal belt and the Highveld. Approximately 91 % of the cartridge holder is produced in four states of South Africa, viz. the Eastern Cape, Western Cape, Free State and Northern Cape. South Africa export 10 % of its entire wool export to the India. MARINE FISHERIES South Africa has a coastline of some 2 798 kilometer, widening from the Orange River in the West, on the boundary line with Namibia, to Ponta make Ouro in the E, next to Mozambique. The western coastal shelf of South Africa is extremely productive, in common with other upwelling ecosystems around the universe, while the east seashore is less productive but has high species diverseness, including both local and Indo-Pacific species. So finally geographical features vary from states to states and harmonizing to that there is an agribusiness merchandises are green goodss and being exported. There are chief industry is mining in South Africa through which company obtains assorted natural resources as consequence of that natural resources South Africa s industrial and economic development has been enhanced. Foreword Education is merely the psyche of a society as it passes from one coevals to another . The survey of GCR ( Global Country Report ) was therefore assigned so that we enable ourselves with Geography, Natural Resources and Topology of South Africa. As instruction is non merely in books but in acquisition and acquisition does non stop with cognition of one s ain state but how can one state live in harmoniousness and function the involvement of other states besides. Therefore a planetary state study was prepared as a learning assignment and information was collected from assorted web sites and survey stuffs that helped us do a study to function the intent of the subject that was Geography, Natural Resources and Topology of South Africa. We gathered informations based on our research on South Africa s geographics, Natural Resources and Topology. This has helped to understand the kernel of a state as a whole. We observed the construction of South Africa like geographics, route denseness etc. We besides observed clime and continuance in South Africa. This survey helped us to understand features of land, characteristics of dwellers and phenomena of South Africa and besides temperature, humidness, atmospheric force per unit area, air current and rainfall features of South Africa. By: Mr. Ravi Kaswala Mr. Nitish Dawra Mr. Dhaval Moradiya Mr. Nilkesh Chikhaliya Mr. Mahesh Gogadani Mr. Nikhil Dhameliya Recognition We take the chance to show our gratitude to all the people who were associated with the devising of the study. This undertaking work has been the most practical and exciting portion of our larning experience, which would be an plus for my hereafter bearer. Many people have helped to make this undertaking and each of their part has been valuable. Proper organisation of construct and analysis of the undertaking is due to lament involvement and assisting manus of our professors and co-workers. We would wish to thank our undertaking guide Lecturer. Ankur Mehta, SRLIM College, SURAT who helped us to acquire the right information about the undertaking to be undertaken. In the other facet, we would wish to retrieve all the people who were ever at that place for us whenever we wanted their counsel despite of their busy agenda. We are extremely obliged to them for giving us good cooperation and bettering us knowledge during our preparation. Once once more thanks to all. By: Mr. Ravi Kaswala Mr. Nitish Dawra Mr. Dhaval Moradiya Mr. Nilkesh Chikhaliya Mr. Mahesh Gogadani Mr. Nikhil Dhameliya Table of Content Sr. no. Particulars Page No. 1 About South Africa 1 History of South Africa 1 Present trade relation India/Gujarat with South Africa 2 India and South Africa bilateral trade 4 Polices and Norms of India for import or export to the South Africa 5 2 Geography of South Africa 8 Eastern Cape 12 Free State 13 Gauteng 14 Kwazulu-Natal 15 Crocodile river 16 Mpumalanga 18 North West 19 Northern Cape 21 Western Cape 22 3 South Africa: Natural Resources 24 Gold overview of South Africa 24 Chromium Mining Overview Of South Africa 25 Antimony overview of South Africa 27 Coal mining overview of South Africa 27 Iron Ore excavation overview of South Africa 28 Manganese mining overview of South Africa 31 Nickel and Co excavation overview of South Africa 32 Chemical and fertiliser excavation in South Africa 33 Tin excavation of South Africa 33 Overview of rare Earth minerals 34 Uranium A ; Th excavation of South Africa 34 Diamond excavation overview of South Africa 35 Platinum group component of South Africa 37 Copper excavation overview of South Africa 38 Vanadium excavation of South Africa 38 Oil A ; gas overview of South Africa 38 4 Topology of South Africa 40 Cashew nutrient 40 Rice 41 Cultivation of Wheat 42 Maize 43 Sugarcane 44 Coffee 45 Wool 47 Nuts and Fruits 48 Marine Fisheries 48 5